Philosophy Unit Essay

A thought or notion that foundationnot be true or false deity, Dog, Evil Proposition A statement which is either justifiedly/wrong beau ideal is pink friendship Expressed in propositions that atomic number 18 formed by joining concepts, state something that is true or false The quest for is Yellow Three Types of Knowledge Propositional- Know that Knowledge by Acquaintance Know of capacity/Ability Know how A Priori Propositional cognition that we know is discipline before (sense) engender 2+2=4 A Posteriori Propositional knowledge that we know is right only after (sense) suffer The sky is blue unreal Not true by definition Tells us something substantial about the world Snow is white Analytic True by definition altogether Bachelors are unmarried men Necessary Had to be true, true in all possible worlds Maths 2+2=4 Contingent Could be otherwise Obama was elected President Induction apprehensioning that draws conclusions from a finite c ollection of specific observations. 1). The sun has eer risen 2). The sun volition always rise Deduction Reasoning in which the conclusion mustiness follow the premises 1). Man is mortal 2). Socrates is man 3).Socrates is mortal Innate Knowledge that is get in the mind at birth Conceptual Schemes Kant Intuitive propositions that we know are right through with(predicate) pure thought I think and then I exist Descartes Empiricism Argues that you can only have analytic a priori knowledge All Widows were once Married (Analytic a priori) Rationalism Argues that you can have analytic and synthetic a priori knowledge (Not Plato) God Exists Descartes (synthetic a priori) All Ideas Come From have Empiricism conjuring trick Locke David Hume The mind is a Tabula Rasa sporty Slate Sensation + ReflectionSimple, complex, and abstract topics Simple ideas come from sensation Complex + Abstract come from reflection Sensation creates impressions in our minds Ideas ar e watery impressions of sensations which are vivid and forceful All thoughts are combinations of ideas e. g. Golden Mountain return Arguments Not all simple ideas come from experience Missing musical note of blue Hume Complex/Abstract ideas are not from experience general idea is required to form the abstract idea Curruthers Some ideas are inbred Ideas of God/Infinity Descartes Veined Marble Leibniz All knowledge is ingrained in the soul, just needs to be recalled Plato Knowledge about what exists must be justified by sense experience John Lock 2 Fountains of Knowledge Sensation + Reflection All ideas are from these So all propositions must be as well BUT David Hume Humes private parts Relations of Ideas Analytic a priori knowledge Matters of Fact Synthetic a posteriori knowledge Anything is alter Metaphysical Speculation and should be cast to the flames e. g. God Humes Fork itself is empty metaphysical speculation contradicts itself Alfred Jules Ayer Veri fication Principle Analytic or through empirical observation Verifiable (can be proven by experience) Anything else is meaningless e. g. Infinity John Stewart Mill No a priori knowledge All knowledge is a posteriori and learnt through induction, including logic and mathematics What about analytic a priori knowledge? A bachelor is not married StrengthsSets clear limits on appropriate objects of knowledge Allows us to learn without being distracted by Empty Metaphysical Speculation The view reflects our experience of learning It explains why we learn like we do Counter Arguments Sense experience is never certain Leads to scepticism Senses, Dreams, Deceiving Demon Descartes Cave Analogy Plato Some knowledge about what exists is known a priori Self/God/EW Descartes Forms Plato Causation, self, space Kant Knowledge of relations of ideas is a priori Dont get more certain True in all possible worlds Russell deliver alone is unintelligible Needs to be mediated through a c onceptual scheme Kant, Saphir/Whorf judgement contains innate knowledgePlato All knowledge is innate Slave Boy Analogy No education but still recognises the proof Learning as recollecting/remembering prompted by questioning Reason recognises law not the senses BUT Boy is prompted through questions Leibniz Veined Marble Mind not passive contains natural inclinations and dispositions, habits or potentialities Kant Conceptual Schemes are innate Categories are innate e. g. Space, Time, Self The conceptual scheme is innate capacity/ability knowledge, not propositional knowledge Counter arguments This knowledge can be explained through erudition and deduction Reason discovers the knowledge Descartes Innate knowledge is absurd There is no universal assent Children and idiots dont know the simplest truths Locke Innate knowledge is a near contradiction Impossible to know but not know that you know Locke Doctrine of Innate IdeasDescartes Ideas are either Adventitious From experience Factitious Made up by us Innate In the mind at birth God, Infinity, and supreme perfection are not experienced or made up They must therefore be innate (Trademark Argument We know of God, but do not experience God He left his mark on us This is innate) Innate ideas provide the materials for reason to think develop knowledge without needing experience Counter Arguments John Locke The mind as a Tubula Rasa (slank slate) at birth There is no innate knowledge only a posteriori knowledge We have of positive idea of infinity Infinity is defined in the negative never ending, only ever experience being able to add more on David Hume All ideas are formed from experience E. g. Golden Mountain God is just qualities in man joined together and augmented without limit Knowledge Through Intuition + Deduction Key Terms Intuition Self evident truths Reached through pure thought Deduction Conclusion reached by side by side(p) same premises e. g. Sudoku Original numb ers are self evident, other numbers discovered through reason. Answer is certain Descartes Intuition Self as a thinking thing exists (The Cogito) Deduction God Exists External world exists (Ontological Argument) Counter Arguments Descartes intuitions and deduction dont work Existence of self not known through reason Cogito only proves only the existence of thought, not a thinker e. g.BFG (Big Friendly Giant) Ontological Argument fails to prove the existence of God Only proves hypothetical existence Hume Proof for existence of external world depends on existence of a good God Humes Fork Reason limited to tautologies/relations of ideas No a priori knowledge Mill Is certainty confined to introspection and the tautological? Key Terms Introspection Looking inward i. e. Internal experiences Tautology Saying the same thing twice E. g. Reverse Backwards (i. e. Analytic) David Hume Humes Fork Reason is limited to the meaning of words Descartes Experience is limited to im mediate awareness We can never be sure that the external world corresponds to out experiences (we might be dreaming/demon) Conclusions David Hume Yes Humes Fork Only relations of ideas can be certain, all matters of fact are open to doubt Descartes No Reason can discover certain knowledge of the world through intuition and deduction e. g. God exists Kant No We can have certain synthetic a priori knowledge of our conceptual scheme e. g. We will perceive the world in space, time, causation Yes We can never know of the world of the noumena Experience is intelligible due to a conceptual scheme Kant Mind is active Organises experience into categories e. g.Filing Cabinet Ordered into Space/ time/causal relations/unity Conceptual scheme Universal, a priori, necessary Implications Synthetic a priori knowledge of the categories is possible e. g. Cookie cutter analogy Cutter is set (conceptual scheme), What it is cutting can change, but still get the same haoma Only know the phenomena, never the noumena Fishing Net/Blue Spectacles Analogy Saphir/Whorf Experience is ordered due to the language that we use Linguistic relativism Societies elevate experience by defining thing with words e. g. Inuit + Snow, and Hopi + Time Conceptual Scheme A posteriori, relative contingent Implications World as it is is still unknowable No innate scheme, rather a range of different schemes