The Importance of Morphemic Analysis in English Learning Essays

The Importance of Morphemic Analysis in English Learning Essays The Importance of Morphemic Analysis in English Learning Paper The Importance of Morphemic Analysis in English Learning Paper Morpheme From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest component of a word, or other linguistic unit, that has semantic meaning. The term is used as part of the branch of linguistics known as morphology (linguistics). A morpheme is composed by phoneme(s) (the smallest linguistically distinctive units of sound) in spoken language, and by grapheme(s) (the smallest units of written language) in written language. The concept of word and morpheme are different: a morpheme may or may not stand alone. One or several morphemes compose a word. A morpheme is free if it can stand alone (ex: lie, cake), or bound if it is used exclusively alongside a free morpheme (ex: im in impossible). Its actual phonetic representation is the morph, with the different morphs (in-, im-) representing the same morpheme being grouped as its allomorphs. English example: The word unbreakable has three morphemes: un-, a bound morpheme; break, a free morpheme; and -able, a bound morpheme. un- is also a prefix, -able is a suffix. Both un- and -able are affixes. The morpheme plural-s has the morph -s, /s/, in cats (/k? ts/), but -es, /? z/, in dishes (/d z/), and even the voiced -s, /z/, in dogs (/d z/). -s. These are allomorphs. Whether or not a word is divided on all available morphemes is debatable. Some morphologists decompose the words completely as it was formed etymologically while others only decompose what there is evidence to decompose in the modern use of the word. The word governmental has either three morphemes: govern, a free morpheme: ment, a bound morpheme; and -al, a bound morpheme. Or, depending on the syntactic framework, it has two morphemes: government and -al. The word predict has either two morphemes: pre- a bound morpheme, and dict a bound morpheme, or one morpheme: predict a free morpheme. tense, number, aspect, and so on, without deriving a new word or a word in a new grammatical category (as in the dog morpheme if written with the plural marker morpheme -s becomes dogs). They carry grammatical information. Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme, e. g. , the plural marker in English is sometimes realized as /-z/, /-s/ or /-? z/ Other variants Null morpheme Root morpheme Word stem Morphological analysis In natural language processing for Japanese, Chinese and other languages, morphological analysis is a process of segmenting a given sentence into a row of morphemes. It is closely related to Part-of-speech tagging, but word segmentation is required for these languages because word boundaries are not indicated by blank spaces. Famous Japanese morphological analysers include Juman, ChaSen and Mecab. Changing definitions of Morpheme In gennerative grammar the definition of a morpheme depends heavily on whether syntactic trees have morphemes as leafs or features as leafs. Direct surface to syntax mapping LFG – leafs are words Direct syntax to semantics mapping Leafs in syntactic trees spell out morphemes: Distributed morphology – leafs are morphemes o Branches in syntactic trees spell out morphemes:Radical Minimalism and Nanosyntax -leafs are nano morpho-syntactic features Given the definition of morpheme as the smallest meaningful unit Nanosyntax aims to account for idioms where it is often an entire syntactic tree which contributes the smallest meaningful unit. An example idiom is Dont let the cat out of the bag where the idiom is composed of let the cat out of the bag and that might be considered a semantic morpheme, which is composed of many syntactic morphemes. Other cases where the smallest meaningfull unit is larger than a word include some collocations such as in view of and business intelligence where the words together have a specific meaning. The definition of morphemes also play a significant role in the interfaces of generative grammar in the following theoretical constructs; Event semantics The idea that each productive morpheme must have a compositional semantic meaning (a denotation), and if the meaning is there, there must be a morpheme (null or overt). Spell-out The interface where syntactic/semantic structures are spelled-out using words or morphemes with phonological content. This can also be thought of as lexical insertion into the syntactics See also Personal tools Log in / create account Namespaces Article Discussion Variants Views Read View source View history Actions Search [pic] [pic][pic] Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans Brezhoneg Catala Cesky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Esperanto Francais Frysk Gaeilge Galego Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Islenska Italiano Kiswahili Kurdi Limburgs Magyar Nederlands ? Norsk (bokmal)? ? Norsk (nynorsk)? Novial Plattduutsch Polski Portugues Romana Runa Simi Scots Simple English Slovencina / Slovenscina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Turkce Veneto Walon This page was last modified on 31 May 2011 at 04:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers [pic] [pic] |We empower you to use this information in making sound instructional decisions to improve reading outcomes. | | | Essentials for Reading Success [pic] |Components of Reading | |Reading research over the last 20 years has identified the critical skills that students must acquire very early in reading | |development to ensure that they can read at grade level by third grade. These skills are in the areas of phonemic awareness,| |phonics, fluency in reading text, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. The development of these skills is critical to | |getting off to a good start in reading, and we can begin to assess them as early as kindergarten. Students who lag behind in| |the development of these skills in early elementary school are in danger of not being able to read at grade level by third | |grade. |Types of Assessment | |Assessment is the process of collecting data for the purposes of specifying and verifying problems, and making instructional| |decisions about students. Assessment may be formal or informal and is conducted through a variety of methods: record | |reviews, interviews, observations, and testing. There are three types of assessments that are typically used to inform | |instruction: screening, progress monitoring, and diagnostic measures. |Layers of Instruction | |Assessment is the process of collecting data for the purposes of speci fying and verifying problems, and making instructional| |decisions about students. Assessment may be formal or informal and is conducted through a variety of methods: record | |reviews, interviews, observations, and testing. There are three types of assessments that are typically used to inform | |instruction: screening, progress monitoring, and diagnostic measures. | Elements of Effective Instruction [pic] High quality reading instruction incorporates the five components of reading delivered through a coherent instructional design. Research has repeatedly demonstrated the importance of initial instruction that includes the five critical components of reading: Phonological Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension. To be most effective, the five critical components need to be taught explicitly within classrooms that are strongly positive and engaging, use writing activities to support literacy, and provide students with many opportunities to read interesting text and complete authentic reading and writing assignments. Teachers typically follow a core reading curriculum to guide instruction in whole and small group settings. Small group instruction should be individualized to reflect the instructional needs of the students. Individual student needs are determined by formal screening and progress monitoring assessments, classroom assessments, and teacher observations. The goal is to use information from multiple sources to group students in a way that makes instruction in critical reading skills most efficient. For more information on the content and sequence for delivery of these please see Components of Reading. How to Differentiate Instruction [pic] What is Differentiated Instruction? Differentiated Instruction is matching instruction to meet the needs of individual learners. The teacher forms small, flexible teacher–led instructional groups based on student data and observations. The teacher groups students with similar instructional needs, limiting the size of the group based on the intensity of instruction needed. The focus and format of reading skills instruction varies with the skill level of the students. How often and how long the teacher meets with each small group varies depending on student needs. Students who are more at risk will need to meet more frequently and for longer periods. This small group targeted skill instruction supplements and reinforces high quality and consistent initial reading instruction. When is Differentiated Instruction Implemented? Differentiated Instruction is implemented during the 90+ minute reading block. Whole group instruction is provided using the core reading curriculum as a guide, and is usually followed by small group reading centers to develop reading skills both cooperatively and independently. During the reading center time, the classroom teacher meets with small groups to provide systematic and explicit instruction in identified reading skill areas. How is Differentiated Instruction Implemented in the Classroom? Differentiated Instruction is implemented in the teacher-led group. The teacher forms small, flexible groups based on student data and observations. Students and classes vary from one another in many important ways. For that reason, there is no one correct way to place students into small groups for instruction. The suggested number of students per group is 1-4 for struggling readers (intensive and strategic) and 5-8 for those students on grade level for reading. The smaller group size is needed for struggling readers because it allows the teacher more opportunity to individualize reading instruction. The classroom is then organized based on how frequently the teacher needs to meet with each group per week (e. g. , group meets daily, group meets 3 times per week) and the number of minutes per day (e. g. , 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes).

How To Use Video To Boost Engagement Rates With Almost No Budget

How To Use Video To Boost Engagement Rates With Almost No Budget These days, content marketing is all about videos. This trend is expected to continue into the future. By 2021, it’s been estimated that 82% of consumer Internet content will be from the video medium. Video helps marketers improve SEO, increase engagement, and produce higher retention rates. Today, we’re talking to Alex Schofield, account executive at Wistia, where he helps customers reach their sales and marketing goals by using the company’s video platform. He shares how to avoid the pitfalls of creating videos as one-off tactics to create a video strategy and think creatively for unique and budget-friendly uses of video. Reasons why marketers should embrace video (generate awareness and help people make decisions about different problems that your company could solve) People retain 90% of message delivered via video, compared to 10% via text Customers crave authenticity and human connection when dealing with businesses video makes that possible Use video as an inexpensive part of your email strategy to gain exposure; and use social exposure to build influence and awareness of your brand People’s email filters are out of your control, but email is still effective if you focus on how you deliver the video Think strategically about where video can play a part in every stage of your marketing funnel to guide prospects and help push them through their journey Measure success by identifying the goal of the video and funnel stage The B-word (Budget): Different types of videos for different budgets Video Distribution: Include videos on the landing pages of your Website and work with existing avenues (email, social networks, etc.) to incorporate videos Links: Wistia Wistia Learning Center We Just Launched Three Soapbox Ads That Cost $111,000 to Produce Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2016–2021 SalesLoft: Video in Sales Emails Increases Reply Rates 26% TOFU, MOFU, BOFU: How To Talk To Prospects At Every Stage Of The Marketing Funnel With Emma Tupa From Academy Marketing Resource Hub Write and send a review to receive a care package If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Alex Schofield: â€Å"I’ve really fallen in love with video and everything that it can do for business.† â€Å"(Video helps) people make conscious decisions about the different problems they’re trying to solve, and that your company could potentially solve for them.† â€Å"People prefer to consume their information via video.† â€Å"A well-placed and timed video in a sales email is an undisputed value-add.† You don’t need to have a $10,000 video budget or a $5000 video budget or even a $1500 video budget to create an effective video.

Experiential Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Experiential Analysis - Assignment Example The organization, Med life, a small company in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia offers health care services to patients and other people who are in need of medical help. It is a health organization involved in taking care of sick patients brought into the medical center, ensuring that they receive the best care that can be accorded to them, and finally ensuring that the conditions in which they live in are conducive and clean. Med life has a manager whose role is to ensure that the operations of the medical center are very efficient with no problems. The manager is in direct communication with the secretary and the financial assistant. The secretary has the role of ensuring that all the data of all patients is properly documented and filed to avoid the loss of crucial data especially patient information. The financial assistant ensures that all financial records that relate to patient care are properly kept for easy retrieval and accountability. Moreover, he also looks into the profitabilit y of the organization in order to avoid bankruptcy. Analysis- Gender Gender can be described as being socially and psychologically constructed through the family, social as well as educational settings. The role of gender in workplace communication has been discussed a lot in the past and the studies show that men and women have very different ways of communicating. In the time that I spent at Med life I realized that the male colleagues tended to be very aggressive and always came across as commanding during communication. From research, I realized that communication that is evidenced by male colleagues in the workplace is much aggressiveness, the tendency to interrupt other people when they are talking, and the tendency to try to hide their emotions when communicating. The male gender is characterized with the attributes of strength, competitiveness, risk taking, and independence in all their communications (Barrett & Davidson, 2006). According to evolutionary psychology studies, men communicate aggressively, interrupt others during conversations, and try so much to hide their emotions. These three aspects are useful in mate selection and it is inevitable for men to avoid this subliminal desire even in a business meeting (Mian, 2013). In the organization, women colleagues were mainly emotional people and this is well exemplified by an incident that occurred once in the organization. A fellow female colleague was overwhelmed by her responsibilities in the company and at home. As expected she shared her feelings with a colleague and she explained that she might not keep up with the pressure. The manager who overheard this conversation assumed that the female worker was lazing around and should refrain from discussing personal issues during working hours. From research, women are characterized as very emotional and thus tend to engage in expressive talks and this involves the tendency to establish closeness and intimacy and build understanding as well as empath y through their communication. According to Babcock (2003), â€Å"Women often worry more than men about the impact their actions will have on their relationships. This can prompt them to change their behavior to protect personal connections, sometimes by asking for things indirectly, sometimes by asking for less than they really want, and sometimes trying to be more deserving of what

Is a College Degree Necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is a College Degree Necessary - Essay Example In my opinion, not every student should go to college. First of all, not every vocation needs a college degree. We live in a complex and diverse society and there are many different characters, such as, doctors, businessmen, professors, lawyers, skilled laborers, salesmen, gardeners, and so on. Different vocations need different degrees. A good mechanics does not need a college degree; he just needs to learn the skills about the way to fix all kinds of cars. A great gardener also does not need a college degree; he just needs to know the way to grow saplings make landscape designs. According to Mike, there are many high school kids who do not find college-prep classes interesting. Because of this, many of them drop out. They do not think that their schools are preparing them the way they should be. Here, an important point is that these kids are not defiant or lazy; rather they want to experience everything, learn practical skills, and pursue a respectable professional career upon graduating from high schools. On the other hand, if everyone goes to college to get a college degree, our society will be in a kind of disharmony. When you get a college degree, you will be unwilling to get some low-paying, dirty, or tiring job like dustman, dishwasher, or doorman. These jobs are of grass root level but necessary. We can imagine if nobody wants to do these jobs, the world will be in a disaster as no one would clean trash, nobody would wash dishes, and no one would clean streets. Our world will be dirty and cluttered. According to Mike, labor experts believe that the U.S. is likely to face a severe shortage of skilled workers. For example, the blue-collar baby boomers are leaving their jobs due to retirements and schools are not paying attention towards preparing others to replace them. The fact is that the U.S. needs blue-collar workers, such as, machinists, carpenters, welders, electricians, cable technicians, etc. just the

Sales and inventory documentation Essay Example for Free

Sales and inventory documentation Essay Why Inventory Control? Control of inventory, which typically represents 45% to 90% of all expenses for business, is needed to ensure that the business has the right goods on hand to avoid stock-outs, to prevent shrinkage (spoilage/theft), and to provide proper accounting. Many businesses have too much of their limited resource, capital, tied up in their major asset, inventory. Worse, they may have their capital tied up in the wrong kind of inventory. Inventory may be old, worn out, shopworn, obsolete, or the wrong sizes or colors, or there may be an imbalance among different product lines that reduces the customer appeal of the total operation. Inventory control systems range from eyeball systems to reserve stock systems to perpetual computer-run systems. Valuation of inventory is normally stated at original cost, market value, or current replacement costs, whichever is lowest. This practice is used because it minimizes the possibility of overstating assets. Inventory valuation and appropriate accounting practices are worth a book alone and so are not dealt with here in depth. The ideal inventory and proper merchandise turnover will vary from one market to another. Average industry figures serve as a guide for comparison. Too large an inventory may not be justified because the turnover does not warrant investment. On the other hand, because products are not available to meet demand, too small an inventory may minimize sales and profits as customers go somewhere else to buy what they want where it is immediately available. Minimum inventories based on reordering time need to become important aspects of buying activity. Carrying costs, material purchases, and storage costs are all expensive. However, stockouts are expensive also. All of those costs can be minimized by efficient inventory policies. Inventory Control Inventory control involves the procurement, care and disposition of materials. There are three kinds of inventory that are of concern to managers: †¢ †¢ Raw materials, In-process or semi-finished goods, †¢ Finished goods. If a manager effectively controls these three types of inventory, capital can be released that may be tied up in unnecessary inventory, production control can be improved and can protect against obsolescence, deterioration and/or theft, Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 1 of 8 The reasons for inventory control are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Helps balance the stock as to value, size, color, style, and price line in proportion to demand or sales trends. Help plan the winners as well as move slow sellers Helps secure the best rate of stock turnover for each item. Helps reduce expenses and markdowns. Helps maintain a business reputation for always having new, fresh merchandise in wanted sizes and colors. Three major approaches can be used for inventory control in any type and size of operation. The actual system selected will depend upon the type of operation, the amount of goods. The Eyeball System This is the standard inventory control system for the vast majority of small retail and many small manufacturing operations and is very simple in application. The key manager stands in the middle of the store or manufacturing area and looks around. If he or she happens to notice that some items are out of stock, they are reordered. In retailing, the difficulty with the eyeball system is that a particularly good item may be out of stock for sometime before anyone notices. Throughout the time it is out of stock, sales are being lost on it. Similarly, in a small manufacturing operation, low stocks of some particularly critical item may not be noticed until there are none left. Then production suffers until the supply of that part can be replenished. Such unsystematic but simple retailers and manufacturers to their inherent disadvantage. Reserve Stock (or Brown Bag) System This approach is much more systematic than the eyeball system. It involves keeping a reserve stock of items aside, often literally in a brown bag placed at the rear of the stock bin or storage area. When the last unit of open inventory is used, the brown bag of reserve stock is opened and the new supplies it contains are placed in the bin as open stock. At this time, a reorder is immediately placed. If the reserve stock quantity has been calculated properly, the new shipment should arrive just as the last of the reserve stock is being used. In order to calculate the proper reserve stock quantity, it is necessary to know the rate of product usage and the order cycle delivery time. Thus, if the rate of product units sold is 100 units per week and the order cycle delivery time is two weeks, the appropriate reserve stock would consist of 200 units (I00u x 2w). This is fine as long as the two-week cycle holds. If the order cycle is extended, the reserve stock quantities must be increased. When the new order arrives, the reserve stock amount is packaged again and placed at the rear of the storage area. This is a very simple system to operate and one that is highly effective for virtually any type of organization. The variations on the reserve stock system merely involve the management of the reserve stock itself. Larger  items may remain in inventory but be cordoned off in some way to indicate that it is the reserve stock and should trigger a reorder. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 2 of 8 Perpetual Inventory Systems Various types of perpetual inventory systems include manual, card-oriented, and computer- operated systems. In computer-operated systems, a programmed instruction referred to commonly as a trigger, automatically transmits an order to the appropriate vendor once supplies fall below a prescribed level. The purpose of each of the three types of perpetual inventory approaches is to tally either the unit use or the dollar use (or both) of different items and product lines. This information will serve to help avoid stock-outs and to maintain a constant evaluation of the sales of different product lines to see where the emphasis should be placed for both selling and buying. Stock Control A stock control system should keep you aware of the quantity of each kind of merchandise on hand. An effective system will provide you with a guide for what, when, and how much to buy of each style, color, size, price and brand. It will reduce the number of lost sales resulting from being out of stock of merchandise in popular demand. The system will also locate slow selling articles and help indicate changes in customer preferences. The size of your establishment and the number of people employed are determining factors in devising an effective stock control plan. Can you keep control by observation? Should you use on-hand/onorder/sold records? Detachable ticket stubs? Checklists? And/or physical inventory? If so, how often? With the observation method (the eyeball system), unless the people using it have an unusually sharp sense of quantity and sales patterns, it is difficult to keep a satisfactory check on merchandise depletion. It means that you record shortages of goods or reorders as the need for them occurs to you. Without a better checking system, orders may only be placed at the  time of the salesmans regular visit, regardless of when they are actually needed. Although it may be the simplest system, it also can often result in lost sales or production delays. Detachable stubs or tickets placed on merchandise provide a good means of control. The stubs, containing information identifying the articles, are removed at the time the items are sold. The accumulated stubs are then posted regularly to the perpetual inventory system by hand or through the use of an optical scanner. A checklist, often provided by wholesalers, is another counting tool. The checklist provides space to record the items carried, the selling price, cost price, and minimum quantities to be ordered of each. It also contains a column in which to note whether the stock on hand is sufficient and when to reorder. This is another very simple device that provides the level of information required to make knowledgeable decisions about effective inventory management. Most smaller operations today, except for the very smallest, are using some form of a perpetual online system to record the movement of inventories into and out of their facilities. In a retail operation, the clerk at the register merely scans the ticket with a reader, and the system shows the current price and removes the item from the inventory control system. A similar process occurs in a manufacturing operation, except that the sale is actually a transfer of the inventory from control to production. This is a particularly critical system in a large operation such as a grocery store where they regularly maintain 12,000 plus items. Often a vendor will provide on-site or computerized assistance needed to help their smaller customers maintain a good understanding of their own inventory levels and so keep them in balance Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 3 of 8 Inventory Control Records Inventory control records are essential to making buy-and-sell decisions. Some companies control their stock by taking physical inventories at regular intervals, monthly or quarterly. Others use a dollar inventory record that  gives a rough idea of what the inventory may be from day to day in terms of dollars. If your stock is made up of thousands of items, as it is for a convenience type store, dollar control may be more practical than physical control. However, even with this method, an inventory count must be taken periodically to verify the levels of inventory by item. Perpetual inventory control records are most practical for big-ticket items. With such items it is quite suitable to hand count the starting inventory, maintain a card for each item or group of items, and reduce the item count each time a unit is sold or transferred out of inventory. Periodic physical counts are taken to verify the accuracy of the inventory card. Out-of-stock sheets, sometimes called want sheets, notify the buyer that it is time to reorder an item. Experience with the rate of turnover of an item will help indicate the level of inventory at which the unit should be reordered to make sure that the new merchandise arrives before the stock is totally exhausted. Open-to-buy records help to prevent ordering more than is needed to meet demand or to stay within a budget. These records adjust your order rate to the sales rate. They provide a running account of the dollar amount that may be bought without departing significantly from the pre- established inventory levels. An open-to-buy record is related to the inventory budget. It is the difference between what has been budgeted and what has been spent. Each time a sale is made, open-to-buy is increased (inventory is reduced). Each time merchandise is purchased; open-to-buy is reduced (inventory is increased). The net effect is to help maintain a balance among product lies within the business, and to keep the business from getting overloaded in one particular area. Purchase order files keep track of what has been ordered and the status or expected receipt date of materials. It is convenient to maintain these files by using a copy of each purchase order that is written. Notations can be added or merchandise needs updated directly on the copy of the purchase order with respect to changes in price or delivery dates. Supplier files are valuable references on suppliers and can be very helpful in negotiating  price, delivery and terms. Extra copies of purchase orders can be used to create these files, organized alphabetically by supplier, and can provide a fast way to determine how much business is done with each vendor. Purchase order copies also serve to document ordering habits and procedures and so may be used to help reveal and/or resolve future potential problems. Returned goods files provide a continuous record of merchandise that has been returned to suppliers. They should indicate amounts, dates and reasons for the returns. This information is useful in controlling debits, credits and quality Issues. Price books, maintained in alphabetical order according to supplier, provide a record of purchase prices, selling prices, markdowns, and markups. It is important to keep this record completely up to date in order to be able to access the latest price and profit information on materials purchased for resale. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 4 of 8 Controlling Inventory Controlling inventory does not have to be an onerous or complex proposition. It is a process and thoughtful inventory management. There are no hard and fast rules to abide by, but some extremely useful guidelines to help your thinking about the subject. A five step process has been designed that will help any business bring this potential problem under control to think systematically thorough the process and allow the business to make the most efficient use possible of the resources represented. The final decisions, of course, must be the result of good judgment, and not the product of a mechanical set of formulas. STEP 1: Inventory Planning Inventory control requires inventory planning. Inventory refers to more than the goods on hand in the retail operation, service business, or manufacturing facility. It also represents goods that must be in transit for  arrival after the goods in the store or plant are sold or used. An ideal inventory control system would arrange for the arrival of new goods at the same moment the last item has been sold or used. The economic order quantity, or base orders, depends upon the amount of cash (or credit) available to invest in inventories, the number of units that qualify for a quantity discount from the manufacturer, and the amount of time goods spend in shipment. STEP 2: Establish order cycles If demand can be predicted for the product or if demand can be measured on a regular basis, regular ordering quantities can be setup that take into consideration the most economic relationships among the costs of preparing an order, the aggregate shipping costs, and the economic order cost. When demand is regular, it is possible to program regular ordering levels so that stock-outs will be avoided and costs will be minimized. If it is known that every so many weeks or months a certain quantity of goods will be sold at a steady pace, then replacements should be scheduled to arrive with equal regularity. Time should be spent developing a system tailored to the needs of each business. It is useful to focus on items whose costs justify such control, recognizing that in some cases control efforts may cost more the items worth. At the same time, it is also necessary to include low return items that are critical to the overall sales effort. If the business experiences seasonal cycles, it is important to recognize the demands that will be placed on suppliers as well as other sellers.  A given firm must recognize that if it begins to run out of product in the middle of a busy season, other sellers are also beginning to run out and are looking for more goods. The problem is compounded in that the producer may have already switched over to next season’s production and so is not interested in (or probably even capable of) filling any further orders for the current selling season. Production resources are likely to already be allocated to filling orders for the next selling season. Changes in this momentum would be extremely costly for both the supplier and the customer. On the other hand, because suppliers have problems with inventory control, just as sellers do, they may be interested in making deals to induce customers to purchase inventories offseason, usually at substantial savings. They want to shift the carrying costs of purchase and storage from the seller to the buyer. Thus, there are seasonal implications to inventory control as Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 5 of 8 well, both positive and negative. The point is that these seasonable implications must be built into the planning process in order to support an effective inventory management system. STEP 3: Balance Inventory Levels Efficient or inefficient management of merchandise inventory by a firm is a major factor between healthy profits and operating at a loss. There are both market-related and budget-related issues that must be dealt with in terms of coming up with an ideal inventory balance: †¢ †¢ †¢ Is the inventory correct for the market being served? Does the inventory have the proper turnover? What is the ideal inventory for a typical retailer or wholesaler in this business? To answer the last question first, the ideal inventory is the inventory that does not lose profitable sales and can still justify the investment in each part of its whole. An inventory that is not compatible with the firm’s market will lose profitable sales. Customers who cannot find the items they desire in one store or from one supplier are forced to go to a competitor. Customer will be especially irritated if the item out of stock is one they would normally expect to find from such a supplier. Repeated experiences of this type will motivate customers to become regular customers of competitors. STEP 4: Review Stocks Items sitting on the shelf as obsolete inventory are simply dead capital. Keeping inventory up to date and devoid of obsolete merchandise is another critical aspect of good inventory control. This is particularly important with style merchandise, but it is important with any merchandise that is turning at a lower rate than the average stock turns for that particular business. One of the important principles newer sellers frequently find difficult is the need to mark down merchandise that is not moving well. Markups are usually highest when a new style first comes out. As the style fades, efficient sellers gradually begin to mark it down to avoid being stuck with large inventories, thus keeping inventory capital working. They will begin to mark down their inventory, take less gross margin, and return the funds to working capital rather than have their investment stand on the shelves as obsolete merchandise. Markdowns are an important part of the working capital cycle. Even though the margins on markdown sales are lower, turning these items into cash allows you to purchase other, more current goods, where you can make the margin you desire. Keeping an inventory fresh and up to date requires constant attention by any organization, large or small. Style merchandise should be disposed of before the style fades. Fad merchandise must have its inventory levels kept in line with the passing fancy. Obsolete merchandise usually must be sold at less than normal markup or even as loss leaders where it is priced more competitively. Loss leader pricing strategies can also serve to attract more consumer traffic for the business thus creating opportunities to sell other merchandise as well as well as the obsolete items. Technologically obsolete merchandise should normally be removed from inventory at any cost. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 6 of 8 Stock turnover is really the way businesses make money. It is not so much  the profit per unit of sale that makes money for the business, but sales on a regular basis over time that eventually results in profitability. The stock turnover rate is the rate at which the average inventory is replaced or turned over, throughout a pre-defined standard operating period, typically one year. It is generally seen as the multiple that sales represent of the average inventory for a given period of time. Turnover averages are available for virtually any industry or business maintaining inventories and having sales. These figures act as an efficient and effective benchmark with which to compare the business in question, in order to determine its effectiveness relative to its capital investment. Too frequent inventory turns can be as great a potential problem as too few. Too frequent inventory turns may indicate the business is trying to overwork a limited capital base, and may carry with it the attendant costs of stock-outs and unhappy and lost customers. Stock turns or turnover, is the number of times the average inventory of a given product is sold annually. It is an important concept because it helps to determine what the inventory level should be to achieve or support the sales levels predicted or desired. Inventory turnover is computed by dividing the volume of goods sold by the average inventory. Stock turns or inventory turnover can be calculated by the following equations: Stock Turn = Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory at Cost Stock Turn = Sales Average Inventory at Sales Value If the inventory is recorded at cost, stock turn equals cost of goods sold divided by the average inventory. If the inventory is recorded at sales value, stock turn is equal to sales divided by average inventory. Stock turns four times a year on the average for many businesses. Jewelry stores are slow, with two turns a year, and grocery stores may go up to 45 turns a year. If the dollar value of a particular inventory compares favorably with  the industry average, but the turnover of the inventory is less than the industry average, a further analysis of that inventory is needed. Is it too heavy in some areas? Are there reasons that suggest more inventories are needed in certain categories? Are there conditions peculiar to that particular firm? The point is that all markets are not uniform and circumstances may be found that will justify a variation from average figures. Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 7 of 8 In the accumulation of comparative data for any particular type of firm, a wide variation will be found for most significant statistical comparisons. Averages are just that, and often most firms in the group are somewhat different from that result. Nevertheless, they serve as very useful guides for the adequacy of industry turnover, and for other ratios as well. The important thing for each firm is to know how the firm compares with the averages and to deter- mine whether deviations from the averages are to its benefit or disadvantage. STEP 5: Follow-up and Control Periodic reviews of the inventory to detect slow-moving or obsolete stock and to identify fast sellers are essential for proper inventory management. Taking regular and periodic inventories must be more than just totaling the costs. Any clerk can do the work of recording an inventory. However, it is the responsibility of key management to study the figures and review the items themselves in order to make correct decisions about the disposal, replacement, or discontinuance of different segments of the inventory base. Just as an airline cannot make money with its airplanes on the ground, a firm cannot earn a profit in the absence of sales of goods. Keeping the inventory attractive to customers is a prime prerequisite for healthy sales. Again, the sellers inventory is usually his largest investment. It will earn profits in direct proportion to the effort and skill applied in its  management. Inventory quantities must be organized and measured carefully. Minimum stocks must be assured to prevent stock-outs or the lack of product. At the same time, they must be balanced against excessive inventory because of carrying costs. In larger retail organizations and in many manufacturing operations, purchasing has evolved as a distinct new and separate phase of management to achieve the dual objective of higher turnover and lower investment. If this type of strategy is to be utilized, however, extremely careful attention and constant review must be built into the management system in order to avoid getting caught short by unexpected changes in the larger business environment. Caution and periodic review of reorder points and quantities are a must. Individual market size of some products can change suddenly and corrections should be made. Source: U.S. Small Business Administration Edited by SCORE 471 Handout 06/02 – Inventory Control Page 8 of 8

What Ads Say Essay -- essays research papers

Effective Writing Muthyala What Ads Say/What We Remember   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"After all, advertisements are purely functional things, and therefore the criterion is their success as advertisements and not as works of art.† - H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, yes. Although recognizable works of art are commonly used in advertisements, the ads themselves will most likely never end up in the louver. With both of those mediums, though, you will notice that an individual’s retention level will be remarkably similar. Most people could identify Whistler’s Mother, although they could not cite any gender inequality issues concerning the painting. Similarly, people could remember that people say â€Å"Wazzuuup!† in Budweiser commercials even if they did not know who was saying it to whom, or how often. The strength of ads like these, then, is the staying power of any or all aspects of their message, no matter how much it has to do with the actual product. Example: ‘Hey man, what do you think of Budweiser beer?’ ‘WAZZUUUP!’ This makes absolutely no sense, but it would be a surprisingly common response, based solely on the public’s retention of the advertisement. No matt er what methods or messages an ad uses to promote it’s product, what people remember from it is very arbitrary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Ben Sherman ad, three men and a woman are enjoying a picnic. There seems, however, to be no interaction at all between the men and the woman. The guys Lively 2 are interested in everything but the woman, and are spaced out around the blanket at a good distance from her, not even looking in her direction. The two in the back seem to be having some sort of exchange judging from their expressions, and the third is simply gazing off into the fire. There is food at the picnic, but so far no one is eating, they are just drinking. There is a definite difference in alcoholic preference, though, as the three men are enjoying bottles of beer, and the woman has chosen champagne. There is no need to go into the inherent maleness of beer, so the woman is being classy and feminine by opting for the bubbly. So, while being ignored by the men and drinking her champagne, the woman uses the fiery environment to cook. As Susan Bordo said in her essay â€Å"Hunger as Ideology†, â€Å"Despite the increasing participation of women of all ages a... ...e aggression, Lively 4 female submission, and physical beauty are intrinsic to great lovemaking. The assumption that all these go hand in hand disqualifies a very large portion of the ad’s potential clients. Despite the qualities of this ad that would disgust a lot of people, ten pages after you read it you would be more likely to simply remember that ‘It was about sex and it turned me on’. The way the ad plays on its strengths – the overwhelming popularity of sex – assists the reader in forgetting, or overlooking completely, it’s weaknesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beyond the obvious messages in most advertising, it is important to pay attention to the aspects of the ad that stick out, the parts that you will be repeating to yourself for the next couple of days and you will not know why. There is so much emphasis on the catchy parts of ads that whatever gender or culture bias they may contain gets covered up and forgotten. An ad may be the most unique, creative piece of unbiased work ever created, but if it is not remembered, then it is a failure. Only when society starts remembering the good things about ads will the message of them take precedence over the catchiness.

Beowulf: A Comparison between Hrothgar and Beowulf Essay

Throughout history, kings have been the primary figure in kingdoms and territories. People looked to these authoritative figures for many different things ranging from religion to leadership and guidance. The heroic epic Beowulf takes the concept of kingship and elaborates on it through the roles of two very different characters: King Hrothgar and Beowulf. In doing so, it reveals the differing values instilled within each man. Very early on in Beowulf, it is evident that the German and Scandinavian world that exists at this time is both hostile and unpredictable. The constant upheaval between the differing cultures force the people of these villages to look to a higher power for a sense of well-being. King Hrothgar of Heorot embodies the necessary characteristics of a leader at the beginning of the tale: strength, bravery, and leadership. The introduction of Grendel, however, eliminates any sense of stability in the King of the Danes. Instead of standing up to fight Grendel, Hrothgar cowardly retreats and allows the monster to terrorize and pillage his kingdom for many years. As a result of this, the people lose their sense of trust and security. It is at this point that they place their belief in pagan rituals, turning their backs on God. Beowulf, the hero of this epic, demonstrates what a hero truly represents. He first and foremost places his trust in God rather than in other humans or pagan rituals. His strength, bravery, and self-sacrifice shine through his underlying persistent optimism. This drive stems from Beowulf’s ultimate goal of being remembered after he is long gone and time has passed. As he tells Hrothgar, â€Å"We must all expect and end to life in this world; let him who can win fame before death, because that is a dead man’s best memorial.† When Beowulf hears of the turmoil Grendel is causing in Heorot, he immediately responds to the call, against his father’s wishes. He determines that he will fight the creature without any weapon or armor. This confidence only demonstrates his faith in God and fate. He believes that if something happens, it will happen, and there is no way of preventing the inevitable.  Beowulf’s fight with Grendel represents the beginning of his journey as a hero. Grendel is the most evil foe for Beowulf, because he is a direct descendant of Cain. Beowulf’s character through this difficult first task establishes a foundation for him to build on with each increasingly arduous task. After having defeated Grendel, Heorot once again returns to a peaceful and serene place. The halls within the Danish kingdom grow joyous and jovial. All of this jollity quickly dissipates, however, when Grendel’s mother begins murdering and ravaging the town in a fit of rage over her son’s death. This is the second struggle that Beowulf is faced with. In this particular situation, he is forced to travel into a hostile environment down into the mother’s lair. This second act of heroism shows how Beowulf goes one step further in securing his place as a genuine hero. When he defeats the mother with a sword that he did not come equipped with, it becomes very clear that divine intervention makes up a large part of his success. Once Grendel’s mother is defeated, peace is once again restored in the Danish kingdom. Fifty long years pass before any other major act of heroism occurs in Beowulf’s life. During this time, he becomes King of the Geats, and establishes himself as a great ruler. When a dragon interrupts the tranquility of the kingdom, Beowulf truly secures his place as a legend. Unlike King Hrothgar, Beowulf does not shy away from danger, and aggressively pursues the dragon. This is by far the most difficult task Beowulf faces and he soon realizes it. Not only is the beast more powerful and dangerous than its predecessors, Beowulf is now an old man and does not possess the strength and energy that so freely flowed through him as a younger man. The twelve â€Å"companions† that accompany Beowulf on this quest desert him in the face of danger, except for Wiglaf, the only true and loyal servant. These cowards can be looked at in much the same light as King Hrothgar. They act brave and mighty, but when confronted with real danger and risk, coward away. All of these factors combine to ultimately defeat Beowulf. He defeats the dragon, but dies in doing so. Even as he dies, Beowulf exudes his humbleness and faithfulness to God and the people he watched over. â€Å"I speak with words of thankfulness to God the king of glory, our eternal Lord, for all the wealth that I see here, and because I was permitted to win it for my people before my death.† Countless times in history, people are faced with tough decisions that unknowingly affect an entire society. It is how these people respond to these situations that truly reveal their character. Attempting to hide or run away does not solve the problem, much to the dismay of people like King Hrothgar. If anything can be learned from this, I think it is that when we are faced with these decisions in life, we must trust in what we firmly believe in and fully put our reputation or life on the line. In doing so, we too have the ability to become heroes in our own right, whether it be a controversial choice or just something very simple. By focusing on the same principles as Beowulf did, we can affect the society around us as well.

Philippine Constitution

The second chapter dealt on the entirety of the state which is considered to be a very important concept in the field of political science as it is branded as the basic unit of the international community and the ultimate expression of political activity among men. The third chapter was aimed at discovering the historical roots and progression of Philippine government in order to understand the complexities and changes within the bounds of local governance. This chapter will be dedicated to the discussion of the fundamentals of the so called â€Å"fundamental law of the land† which is the guiding light of the affairs of both state and government.In addition, this will e an opening salvo to the critical study of the document as we enter the portals leading to the first two fragments of the 1987 Philippine Constitution?the Preamble and the National Territory. CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTION Creating an Equilibrium Before we delve deeper into the concept of the organic law, let us first turn our attentions to the specific field of political law that is germane to the study of the constitution itself?constitutional Law.Constitutional Law is the study of the maintenance of the proper balance between authority as represented by the three Inherent powers of the State and liberty as guaranteed by the Bill of Relights. L Genuine liberty entails exercising It without causing any harm or Interception on the freedom of others. This Is the Ideal arrangement since by practice, people unavoidably uses liberty beyond normal control.Hence, the state has been endowed from Its birth with the three Inherent powers namely police power, eminent domain, and taxation in order to regulate the usage of individual rights. But this does not mean that the state always has the authority to intrude on an individual's freedom because in the context of Constitutional Law, what is being advanced is not primacy of one of the two factions but the promotion of the â€Å"co-existence† Constit ution Defined Cooley describes it as the â€Å"body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised. 2 It also refers to â€Å"a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited, defined, and by which these powers are distributed among several departments, for their more safe and useful exercise, for the benefit of the body politic. â€Å"3 The first definition is much more extensive compared to the second one nice it covers even the unwritten constitutions like customs and traditions.Furthermore, Cooley's definition relates on the founding principles reflecting the aspirations of the sovereign while Miller's include in its scope the structuring of the government wherein the several powers are distributed for the promotion of the common good. In layman's terms, it is simply defined as the organic or supreme law of the state. Constitution vs.. Statute Constitution and statute are two terms belonging to the same world of legalities but differ in their scope and intrinsic meaning.The disparity is demonstrated in the allowing instances: 1 . The former elaborates on general items such as policies and principles while the latter deals on more specific topics. Statutes always follow the basic rule of legislation known as â€Å"singularity of subject. † 2. In addition, in the context of being â€Å"open to change,† the constitution (for the cases of the written, enacted and rigid) cannot be easily amended while statute is more open to change and can even be repealed easily with regards to its constitutionality. 3.The constitution is the product of the people's integral sovereign power in society while statute is a result of he process of legislation or law-making as practiced by the legislature. 4. Lastly, in most cases, there is only one constitution in operation but there can be several statutes that would be enforced within the bounds of the state. Discerni ng the Purpose The purpose of the constitution is â€Å"to prescribe the permanent framework of a system of government, to assign to the several departments their respective powers and duties, and to establish certain first principles on which the government is founded. 4 Dissecting this statement originating from American Jurisprudence, three government administering the state; 2. Next is the apportionment of the different governmental powers to the branch or department that must exercise it so as to avoid concentration of powers; and 3. Finally, to provide for the guiding principles which aid the daily affairs of the entire governmental order. Supremacy without a Doubt The constitution is the supreme law of the land.Neither legislation nor even the highest government official exercising immense powers inside the state can question the ultimate position occupied by the organic law in the hierarchy of the political system. The legislature can make laws but such laws are limited bec ause they must inform to the tenets and principles anchored on the constitution. In fact, the judiciary checks both legislative and executive departments by interpreting their actions as â€Å"constitutional† or â€Å"unconstitutional. † The people, its creator, in the exercise of sovereign power may not disregard the constitutions as well.But it must be remembered that they can institute changes if ever it is proven that the constitution does not serve or address the needs of the current situation. The supremacy scenario can also be observed in the landscape of the international community due to the fact that in cases of conflict between international law and municipal (local) law, the latter usually prevails based on the principle of par in paper non habit emporium. But there are exceptional cases wherein constitutional inferiority is demonstrated in upholding the general interests of the people. Variety Exists Constitutions around the globe are not exempted to the p henomenon dubbed as â€Å"variety. † Gradations exist and these are categorized into three major segments: 1 . There are two kinds of constitution according to form namely written and unwritten. The differentiation does not rest on the aspect of being â€Å"written† or not because mom examples of the unwritten constitution are in fact written documents. The major distinction is based on the â€Å"organization† of the scattered pieces into one, single collection.The written constitution is usually the organized one while the unwritten â€Å"consists of rules which have not been integrated into a single, concrete from but are scattered in various sources. â€Å"7 The 1987 Philippine Constitution is a written one while the English Constitution is an unwritten type. 2. The next one is constitution according to origin which also has two types: enacted (conventional) and evolved (cumulative). Enacted is a result of a thorough document construction normally done thro ugh a constitutional convention and is normally instituted at a definite time and place.On the other hand, evolved is a product of continuous process of accretion or adding up as it operates from one generation to another. The present Philippine Constitution is enacted while customs and traditions would be the best example for an evolved constitution. 3. According to manner of amendment is the last category that comprises both flexible and rigid constitutions. Flexible constitutions are characterized by flexibility which implies that it can be changed by he sense that it can only be amended by a specific body and the procedure itself is quite complex and difficult.The 1987 Philippine Constitution is rigid while the constitution of the Scandinavian state of Sweden is considered as flexible. Written Constitution: Essential Qualities Since the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines is a written one, it is more sensible to tackle the essential qualities of a constitution i n the lexicon of the written type. 1 . Broadness refers the extensiveness of the constitution in terms of its scope and reach. Furthermore, broadness relates to the fact that the constitution â€Å"is opposed to embody the past, reflect the present and to anticipate the future. Accordingly, it must have the capability to provide answers or solutions for every contingency. 2. Brevity implies that a good written constitution must stick to the basics. It is limited in the sense that it should not be a venue for staging the details which must be addressed and expressed by reinforcing legislation. Thus, the nature of the document is to prevent the situation wherein it becomes too â€Å"chatty' or wordy. 3. A written constitution must also be definite. This quality relates to the condition hat its provisions must be construed in a clear manner to avoid vagueness in the interpretation.Such ambiguity may lead to â€Å"confusion and divisiveness among the people, and perhaps even physical conflict. â€Å"8 Written Constitution: Essential Parts Almost all texts dealing on the topics of constitution, law and Political Science are in agreement that there are three essential parts of a good written constitution. These are the following: 1 . The constitution of liberty which is symbolized by the presence of a Bill of Rights, elaborates the citizens' civil and political rights as well as the imitation imposed on the side of the government in the regulation of the same.It is found in Article Ill (Bill of Rights) of our constitution. 2. Reflected in Article VI (Legislative), VII (Executive), VIII Adjudicatory), and IX (Local Government) is the second essential part known as the constitution of government whose main feature is the outlining of the governmental structure and the respective powers that they must utilize in the conduct of administration. 3. The provisions relating to the procedures on how to institute changes in the constitution is referred to as the constitut ion of sovereignty. Article XVII (Amendments or Revisions) is an exemplary of this part.Beginnings of the 1987 Philippine Constitution September 21, 1972 is the dreaded day of the proclamation of Martial Law courtesy of one of the most infamous head of state in the Philippines?Ferdinand Adrenalin Marco's. Such declaration was fueled by the various political upheavals in the Philippine political scene at that time including insurgency movements of militant groups and the fear of a communist seizure of the duly constituted government. The Martial Law lasted for about 8 years and was only lifted in 1981. The growing year 1983; Seen. Benign â€Å"Ninny' Aquinas, Jar. Turned from his exile in the United States and was assassinated at the Manila International Airport. Three years after such heart-breaking murder, Marco's called for a special snap election which was centered between him and the widow of Ninny?Carbon â€Å"Core' Aquinas. Massive cheating and electoral fraud characterized the election process in which the final tally of votes expressed the victory of the administration. Yet, even though triumph was at hand, the snap election was one of the major reasons that catapulted the People Power Revolution of 1986.The withdrawal of the military support for the overspent through the acts of high military officials Fidel V. Ramose and Juan Pence Enrich led to the downfall of the Marco's Administration. The world's attention was gravitated to the Philippines in the year 1986 when â€Å"the cheapest revolution†9 in history was launched in order to overthrow the infamous regime of Ferdinand Adrenalin Marco's. The latter was forced to go to an exile in Hawaii, United States. When Core was inaugurated as President, her administration reorganized the entire governmental order and promulgated the Freedom Constitution that abrogated the operation of the 1973 Constitution.The â€Å"Freedom Constitution† was the precursor of the 1987 organic law. In the latt er part of the same year, she ordered the formation of a Constitutional Commission through Proclamation no. 9 to draft a new constitution to legalize the new government. The regular session of the said commission was held from June 2 – October 15, 1986. It was headed by Cecilia Munson Palm, the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, as chairman, together with Ambrosia B. Patella as vice- chairman. Napoleon G. Ram served as floor leader with Jose D.Cauldron and Madam Domain Alonso, a Muslim legislator, as assistant floor leaders. Members of the commission came from different walks of life which encompass such prominent names as former COMELY Commissioner Rene Sacramento, former Associate Justice Florien Regarded, former Chief Justice Hilarious Divide, Jar. , Dean Emeritus of Atone Law School FRR. Joaquin G. Barnes, S. J. , award-winningly director Lion Brocks, and notable lawyer Christian Monsoon. After drafting the newly structured and designed f undamental law, the commission recommended to President Aquinas the scheduling of the plebiscite for the ratification of the proposed code.A three-month period was given for the people to carefully study and scrutinize such. The plebiscite was scheduled on the 2nd February, 1987. During the campaign period for the ratification, Filipinos were quite apprehensiveness eventually, they approved the plebiscite. The process was a huge success with 76. 29% affirming the ratification while 22. 74% were on the contrary. The 1987 text is pretty lengthy and wordy which is composed of eighteen articles. Historical experiences have molded it into its present form and substance particularly the enormous impact of the Martial Law Era.THE PREAMBLE A Grand Introduction A book has a preface, a thesis has an abstract, and for the case of the constitution, here is a preamble. From the Latin word â€Å"presumably† meaning â€Å"going in front†, achieved through its expression of the author s of the document and their corresponding ideals and aspirations. It must be noted that the Preamble is not a source of rights, obligations and powers for both citizenry and government side. But because it sets down the origin, scope, and purpose of the Constitution, it is useful as an aid in ascertaining the meaning of ambiguous provisions of the Constitution. 0 For a better understanding of the messages imparted by the Preamble, several distinct partitions will be created and analyzed. We, the Sovereign Filipino People. This opening phrase indicates the main authors of the Constitution. What is unique in this construction is that the first person point of view was employed through the usage of the word â€Å"we. † This is very different form the case of the 1935 Constitution wherein the third person point of view was reflected by the less captivating description â€Å"The Filipino people. † FRR.Joaquin Barnes, one of the framers of the current organic document, expla ined that the â€Å"third person approach (1935) suggests that another power (the United States) was merely announcing that the Filipinos were anally allowed to promulgate a Constitution. â€Å"11 Hence, â€Å"The Filipino people† in the 1935 text clearly conjures the situation of the Philippines at that time being under the hands of another sovereign power and has not achieved true independence. During the euphoria of imperialism, the term â€Å"Filipino' does not apply to the natives of the Philippines.The Spanish colonization has founded a social stratification where natives were placed at the bottom of the social ladder while pure-blooded Spaniards (peninsular and insulates) and messiest are situated in a much higher position. These groups were regarded as Filipinos while the natives were branded as â€Å"indigos†?a moniker that signified racial discrimination. It is incredible to know that the framers of the 1973 and 1987 Constitution visualized the commonality among us; that we are one homogeneous body and truly Filipinos by heart.Imploring the Aid of Almighty God. Len both 1935 and 1973 texts, this phrase is worded as â€Å"Imploring the guidance of the Divine Providence† as a form of respect to the the religious freedom of every person situated in the Philippine archipelago including non-believers. During the deliberations of the 1986 Constitutional Commission, it was decided that â€Å"guidance† would be replaced by â€Å"aid† since the latter is a â€Å"more all-embracing term†12 compared to the former. Divine Providence† also yielded to â€Å"Almighty God† due to the realization that the latter implies greater intimacy regarding our relationship with the Divine and is considered as â€Å"more consonant with Filipino religiosity. â€Å"13 Basically, this part of the preamble creates a remarkable picture on how we value the role of the Omnipotent as the rudder leading us to our outstanding lo ries and destinies in life. Build a Just and Humane Society. The state and the government being created by the people themselves must uphold and create a social order that ensures fairness and greatly values human rights and dignity.The phrase added the notion that a constitution not merely sets up a government but is also an instrument for building the larger society of which government is merely a part. 14 Establish a Government. This phrase was carried on by both 1935 and 1973 constitutions in their respective preambles. One of the major intentions in drafting a institution is to establish a government that would regulate both internal and external affairs of the state and has complete autonomy in the eyes of the establishment of this structure: 1. Embody our Ideals and Aspirations.This refers to the primary responsibility of the government in advancing people's interests and not its own selfish political agendas because the powers of the same emanates from the governed per SE. 2 . Promote the Common Good. â€Å"General welfare† was used in both 1935 and 1973 texts but it was agreed by the 1986 Constitutional Commission that â€Å"common good† would supplant it in the new constitution. The rationale is found in the implication of the former phrase as the greater good of the majority and not the greater good of all components of society. Thus, â€Å"good† must be common to all. 3.Conserve and Develop Our Patrimony. â€Å"Patrimony' is so extensive when we speak of its scope since it includes everything that is rightfully owned by the people both material (resources) and immaterial (customs and traditions) ones. The government must see to it that these valued belongings of the nation must be preserved, conserved and developed. 4. Securing the Blessings of Independence and Democracy. This particular segment is not totally similar to the 1935 Constitution because the previous organic laws preamble only mentioned â€Å"the blessing of indep endence† in the third person point of view.This scenario suggests the Philippines' status during the American occupation which is still preparing to accomplish the colossal goal of self-rule. As seen in the current version, â€Å"democracy was already inserted in order to mirror the fact that the country is already a separate and independent state observing the principles of Republicanism and Democracy. In addition, this phrase is accompanied by the word â€Å"posterity' to stress out that the securing of the blessings of independence and democracy' extends even up to the eras of the next generations.Dating and Campanile also emphasized that the government established must also operate under the following conditions: 1. Under the Rule of Law. The created â€Å"medium of the state† must follow and be guided by the laws of the land. It bolsters the principle that â€Å"ours is a government of laws and not of men† which means that no person or institution is above the law. 2. Under the Regime of Truth, Justice, Freedom, Love, Equality and Peace. â€Å"Justice† and â€Å"liberty' were enshrined in the 1935 text while peace† and â€Å"equality' were added in the 1973 Constitution. What is new in the 1987 document is the inclusion of the words â€Å"truth† and â€Å"love. Truth was incorporated in order to impart to the readers of the Constitution how dismaying and hateful the acts committed by the previous administration (Marco's) in plunging the public into the pool of myriad lies. On the other hand, love symbolized the successful staging of the bloodless revolution against the iron rule of a dictator. THE NATIONAL TERRITORY Territorial Jurisdiction of the Philippines Territory is one of the four elements of the state and Just like the effect of the cinematic of people, destruction of the government, and loss of sovereignty, without it, the existence of the state would be in huge peril.Thus, it is important for a state integrity. As expounded by Article 1, the general scope of the national territory of the Republic of the Philippines includes: 1. The Philippine Archipelago. It is generally understood that the Philippine archipelago is the aggregate of the major island groupings namely Luzon, Visas, and Mindanao. An archipelago whose etymology originates from the Greek word appeals(meaning composed of several islands or groups of islands surrounded by water. Tracing the national territory provisions of the 1935 Constitution, the â€Å"Philippine archipelago' also covers: a.The whole Philippine territory ceded by Spain to the United States of America via the Treaty of Paris which was contracted between the two parties on the 10th of December, 1898. B. Subunit Islands and Canaan De Sulk which were clarified by the Treaty of Washington that was signed on November 7, 1900. C. Turtle and Manages Islands through the Convention between the United States of America and Great Britain whose purpose was to d elimit the boundary between the Philippine archipelago and North Borneo. The said convention was signed on January 2, 1930. . Philippine Waters. â€Å"Waters† in this sense applies to all the water forms found in the entirety of the territory. Due to the nature of the Philippines as an archipelago state, the waters embracing its islands (internal waters) are also considered as vital parts of its territorial control. Moreover, the term includes the territorial sea, contiguous zone, and Exclusive Economic Zones (ZEE). 3. Other Territories. These â€Å"other territories over which the Philippines exercises sovereignty or Jurisdiction† entail the inclusion of the allowing: a.The islands of Battles as reflected by the clause â€Å"all territory over which the present government of the Philippine Islands exercises Jurisdiction†16 in the 1935 Constitution. B. Those realms belonging to the Philippines based on historical right or legal title, such as Saba in Northern Bo rneo, enshrined in Article 1 of the 1973 fundamental law. On a more specific perspective, the territorial Jurisdiction of the Philippines is comprised of three kinds of domain namely: 1 .The terrestrial domain corresponds to the Philippine landmass and land forms making up the whole archipelago such as mountains, hills, valleys, volcanoes, islands and islets, etc. Furthermore, this domain embraces the natural and mineral resources found in (floras and faunas) and below (subsoil) the land surface. 2. On the other side, fluvial domain relates to the national waters enclosed by the archipelago baseline and the expanse of water located outside of the same marker. It also incorporates the seabed, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. A.National waters include the water forms situated within the Philippine landmass like lakes, falls, rivers, canals, bays and treats as well as the internal waters identified by the archipelago doctrine. I. Archipelago Doctrine is a generally accep ted principle in International Law that is being incorporated and can be found in the last part of the National Territory provision. It states that â€Å"the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. This doctrine is usually applicable to those states whose territory is archipelago in nature such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan. It solidifies the fact that in the case of archipelago states, the islands, even though separated by bodies of water, will still be treated as a â€Å"single integral geographical and political unit. â€Å"17 ii. Straight Baseline Method is the most commonly baseline method which follows the contours of the landmass, it is done by determining the outermost points of the archipelago and connecting such points with straight lines producing an irregular polygon.The waters within the baselines shall be considered as internal w aters; while the breadth of the territorial sea shall then be measured from the baselines. 18 iii. The Constitution treats the waters inside the baseline as internal waters but International Law through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOGS) considers it as archipelago waters. In the eyes of the municipal law, no foreign vessels can enter the internal waters without the state's consent. On the other side of the scale, International Law recognizes that foreign vessels may navigate the archipelago waters in the exercise of involuntary entrance only.Passage is innocent as long as a ship refrains from engaging in certain prohibited activities which includes but not limited to weapons jesting, spying, smuggling, serious pollution, fishing, or scientific research. 19 Involuntary Entrance refers to emergency scenarios wherein a foreign vessel enters territorial waters by reason of lack of provisions, ship is incapable of continuing the voyage, weather disturbances, e tc. B. Outside the baseline, one can find the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the Exclusive Economic Zone (ZEE), maritime areas, and the open sea. I.The dimensions and measurements of the first three are also determined by the UNCLOGS, an international agreement which was partaken by the Philippines as one of the signatory states. It. The territorial sea or waters is about 12 nautical miles from the baseline. The coastal state exercises full sovereignty and Jurisdiction over this area; yet foreign ships can enter it on account of the right of innocent passage and involuntary entrance. Iii. Another 12 nautical miles from the baseline of the territorial sea is the contiguous zone where territorial Jurisdiction of the coastal state is not absolute.Even though control is limited in this area, the coastal state is still entitled to â€Å"prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea. 20 In addition , hot pursuit can still be conducted in this zone. ‘v. Just like the previous zone, the Exclusive Economic Zone or ZEE (about 200 nautical miles from the archipelago baseline) is also not a solid component of the national territory of the Philippines.What is significant about this area is that the coastal state has the right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage the natural and mineral reserves as well as install structures and conduct marine scientific research within its maritime dominion. V. Maritime areas include the seabed, the subsoil beneath the seabed, and the insular shelves which are redundantly found within the areas of the territorial seas, contiguous zones and the ZEE. V'. The high seas also known as international waters or open seas are definitely beyond the Jurisdiction of the coastal state.

buy custom Drug Court Interventions essay

buy custom Drug Court Interventions essay During a research, the right methodology choice determines the outcome of the research study carried out. Drug court intervention is a critical study that needs to source information that helps in generating data from victims that join the world of drugs. In this article, the results of the study will depend upon the sampled population. It analyses the impact of drugs to a given population whereby data is collected from both the drug abusers and their relatives who are not drug abusers. Problem definition Drug abuse according to the current scientific and clinical research shows that drug abuse creates both temporary and physiological changes which are long term in with an individuals brain. In this study, there are trials of ancillary programs if they fitting the drug court programs apart from the physiological and psychological settings in the mind of the user. Sometimes the settings are altered which result into addictions with the user not suffering from adverse side effects. The advent of drug courts dates back into 1980 which marked the on start of a treatment oriented system for drug users. The program runs to date on how to help users to practice abstinence or to live a free life without the use of drugs. There is integration of coercive justice system which helps the program to practice its might on the users. This makes the program seem official officiated in combating drug use. Research method During the study, survey method to obtain information from respondents was applied. Respondents consisted of forty eight drug court participants who were on health and exercise practice. The basing of the results s generated from the assumption that for people to stop using drugs they need an efficient physical health. Most of the users turn to drugs because they feel that they acquire satisfaction from using drugs hence becomes addicted without their knowledge. Secondary Data Data collection was obtained from books, journals and previous researches done by scholars on drug abuse and courts. The best thing to do is not to shun the users but to join hands in formulating means to help them out of addictions. Secondary data acted as a contributor to the background information of the research. Primary data The survey method provided the primary data. Questionnaires were given out to the respondents in order to obtain answers for the research study. The 48 respondents provided this information. They provided relevant information by relating to their personal experiences or even other people experiences. Questionnaire design The most appropriate tool in conducting a research is a questionnaire. The questionnaires design is an important factor to consider because it is mainly used for the pertinent tasks of data collection and analysis. This illustrates that the questions must be relevant and straightforward to the concerns of the study. It is imperative that the questionnaire meets certain characteristics like readability where the respondent do not need to strain while reading, time considerate in the sense that they enhance brevity, the structure must have cohesion in that connected in that transition from one question to another be enhanced also uphold privacy of the relayed content. During the formulation of the survey, it is important to meet all these qualities. Data Collection Data collection was not effective because many of the respondents left work which was a requirement by the drug court. There was a complication in the determination of the degree of willingness to which individuals used to support the study. The three drug court udges were not equally willing to overlook the case because they used bias. The case of leaning on the side of the case does not help in producing positive results. It is evident because only forty eight out of about one hundred and twenty nine respondents who responded using the mail. This was result of inconveniences caused by the laid out guidelines about the study by the court judges. The program is a resourceful but, the approach it got from the researchers limited the scope which it as supposed to achieve. Research ethics It is imperative to maintain high ethical standards because the respondents do not need to be exposed to the public. The researcher needs to maintain confidentiality of the information he sourced from the respondents. The respondents participated willingly because it is unethical to coerce them into responding to the study research. The responses of the respondents were not misused to achieve ill motives by the researcher. Before the research, the respondents were taken through the objectives of the research because the researchers wanted to achieve consistent data that will help in approaching the drug court intervention. The debriefing of confidentiality by the researcher to the respondents intended to inform the respondents of the objective of the study which focused on achieving the best strategies to combat drug usage among the young people. The identities of the respondents remained unmentioned by the researcher because the agreement was to uphold anonymity. There was no variab le that could have cased direct stress to the respondent or other participants in the research study. The respondents were allowed to leave the survey if they felt that there were some variables which caused psychological stress to them although none left because the research was done in a considerate manner. The researcher offered no financial incentives to the respondents hence making it a result oriented research rather that an incentive motivated one. This ensured that there was no manipulation of information or responses that were compromised. All respondents were above twenty one years of age. Objectives The intention of the study was examining the benefits of exercise on treatment the participants in the courts acquired and the response they gave back. This was done using tabulated data and graphs. It happened as the predictions stipulated that those who participated in Coastal Conditioning program improved because they changed their moods build their self esteem and had a restored general wellness. In the United States, drug courts have been reported as positive innovations because they helped many drug abusers to change their lives by imparting positive information concerning drug abstinence. Analysis As the graphs and the tables, stipulate drug abuse is challenging where most abusers have turned into an addiction. The primary cause of addiction is the need to ape other styles of living, which do not, feature well in an individuals life. The tables show that almost one hundred per cent of the alcohol abusers do not change their behaviour hence making them vulnerable to the social drink. There is no distinction between an abuser of alcohol and an addict because they all seem to enjoy. The graphs show that the target population of 6.7 percent alcohol users, a great number abused the social drink. There are general side effects associated with taking drugs which people do not accept but, they mean a lot to the stopping of an addiction. Primary Substance Used and Criminal Charge at Intake Drug of choice n=126 f % n=488 f % Alcohol 8 6.7 3 6.7 Cocaine 13 10.8 2 4.4 Heroin 19 15.8 7 15.6 Marijuana 12 10.0 4 8.9 Methamphetamine 68 56.7 29 64.4 Missing 6 4.8 3 6.3 Fatigue is caused by abusing drugs and in most cases lack general exercise. Those respondents who had regular exercises were found to be resistant to fatigue and other effects of drugs. The results of exercise make the hypothesis of program being a resource in improvement of general health in the case of taking drugs. Many of the drug abusers encounter stress because they feel that they are doing something against their will, which needs to, are stopped. This brings a bad feeling about them but they seek help to stop the vice. Many of the drug users who quit the vice find peace because they relate well with the people who initially stigmatized them. In the case of motivation for change, those respondents who never exercised felt that there was no need to change because their moods towards change. Depression and distress are usually recorded by the researchers before the exercises but once the drug users accept to participate in the program they become more active than before the program initiation. Drug use problem is different in the manner people address it because different people take drugs at different times. The facilitators of the program need to take concern of this because the drug users are all the same. The problem of drugs goes beyond most of the problems facing the society nowadays. It requires to be approached with a very critical view because drug abuse is the hiding point for criminals in the society. Criminal justice needs to be used in coercion of the drug users to stop using the drug. With the integration of criminal justice, most people feel that they do not need to stop the vice because they ought to do t out of choice rather than coercion. Most of the drug users need to be harnessed into stopping using the drugs because they only spoil their identities when they use the drugs. Conclusion Most of the drug users have the will to respond to change they are imparted with although the gong back syndrome affects them. They need follow up by qualified counsellors who will help them to understand the effectiveness of stopping the habits of taking drugs. Although there are some hitches in practising the drug court, there is a need for government input so that the relevant ministries get the best out of the general population. Buy custom Drug Court Interventions essay

40 Idioms with First

40 Idioms with First 40 Idioms with First 40 Idioms with First By Mark Nichol Many expressions include the word first, often referring to beginnings or initial experiences. Here is a list of idiomatic phrases featuring the word, and their meanings. 1. First aid: medical care for minor injuries such as mild abrasions, cuts, bruises, and burns 2. First among equals: the sentiment that a leader is merely the premier person among his or her colleagues 3. First base: the first step or stage in a process or procedure, from baseball terminology 4. First blood: referring to the rite of passage of a hunter making a first kill 5. (At) first blush: referring to reconsideration of one’s initial thought 6. First call: the right to priority in use of something 7. First cause: the philosophical concept of the original self-created cause of which all other causes are by-products 8. First chair: the lead musician among those playing a particular instrument in an orchestra (such as first violin) 9. First class: the best category of travel accommodations, or the best in terms of performance or quality 10. First come, first served: the principle that the customer who arrives first is given priority 11. First cousin: a son or daughter of one’s aunt or uncle 12. First crack: the earliest chance or opportunity 13. First dance: the tradition of the guests of honor being the first couple on the dance floor to start a ball or other dance event 14. First dibs: see â€Å"first call† 15. First down: the first in a series of plays in American football after one team takes possession of the ball from the other team 16. First edition: the initial publication of a book 17. First estate: the clergy as the highest of the three orders of society in the Middle Ages and for some time afterward (the others were the nobility and the common people) 18. First floor: the ground floor (in American English usage) or the second floor (in British English usage) 19. First flush (of success): an initial period of achievement (the term is also used technically to refer to the initial runoff of rainwater after a storm) 20. First glance: a superficial examination or review 21. (At) first hand: with direct experience (as an adjective, firsthand) 22. First impression: the initial evaluation of information or an experience, generally before having time to consider or ponder 23. First lady: the wife of a government’s leader 24. First leg: the first part of a journey 25. First light: the earliest part of day 26. First night: the evening of a premiere performance, or the premiere performance itself 27. (In the) first place: in the beginning, or as an initial consideration 28. (Right of) first refusal: the privilege of being able to accept or reject an offer or proposal before anyone else is given consideration 29. (Love at) first sight: the sentiment of an instant romantic connection 30. (The) first step (is always the hardest): the notion that starting a task is the most difficult part 31. (Cast the) first stone: used to refer to hypocritical behavior akin to throwing a stone at someone as punishment for a crime when the thrower may be culpable for the same crime or another one 32. First string: the group of athletes who participate from the beginning an athletic competition, as opposed to players who may substitute for first-string teammates at some point; by extension, the best among any group 33. (Don’t) know the first thing about: the model for an expression stating that someone is unacquainted with even the basics of a certain procedure or topic 34. First things first: refers to the importance of considering the relative priority of steps 35. First-timer: someone engaging or participating in some activity the person has not done before 36. First water: the highest quality, especially in gems but also said figuratively of people of high character 37. First world: the developed, industrialized nations 38. (If at) first you don’t succeed (try again): the sentiment that one should persist after initial failure 39. Ladies first: a sentiment that, according to proper etiquette, females should have priority in passing through a doorway or into another area 40. Shoot first (and ask questions later): referring to the supposed wisdom, in a confrontation, of disabling a potential adversary first and then ascertaining whether the person is in fact a foe Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"Quiet or Quite?

Potential enterpreneur PowaPak Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Potential enterpreneur PowaPak - Assignment Example It may be considered a little late but most of the Christmas shopping is done in the last week before Christmas. In fact, All In London.co.uk (2012) indicates that Christmas shopping is always left for the last minute. Additionally, most of the parties will take place in the last two weeks ending with New Year celebrations. Therefore, a large quantity of ‘PowaPak’ is expected to be sold. Packaging The package that is used for a product is a powerful marketing tool (FactExpert 2012). The style of the bottle is therefore very important. PowaPak will be packaged in 250ml glass bottles. Glass bottles are used because it is environmentally friendly when compared with PET and aluminium cans. However, the cost is high in comparison to those substitutes. Nutricap Labs (2012) indicate that costs and environmental factors play a key role in the drink packaging industry. Consumers have become very environmental and health conscious and awareness is increasing in relation to the del eterious effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, this is a major consideration in our choice. Although, aluminium cans and PET bottles cost less and are more convenient to carry around as well as to ship because of their lighter weight, glass bottles provide more benefits. A list of factors which makes bottles more beneficial when compared to substitutes includes: i. Glass bottles are recycled more than aluminium cans (Johnson 2011) ii. Aluminium products use a lot of energy in the mining process iii. The production of aluminium products have a negative impact on the ecosystem and contribute to waste (Johnson 2011) iv. Aluminium is number one in terms of being the contributor of the largest amount of GHG in the waste stream (Johnson 2011) v. Plastic bottles normally end up in landfills even though they are recyclable vi. Aluminium cans are better to use than plastic bottles because plastic bottles are made from unrefined and non-renewable petroleum (Johnson 2011) vii. Health risks are associated with the use of plastic bottles viii. Plastic bottles leach out Bisphenol-A (BPA) which is used in its production (MacLusky et al 2005) - BPA is a potent hormone disruptor which can impair the reproductive system (Johnson 2012). Even a small dosage of BPA is associated with adverse health effects such as cancer, obesity and neuro-behavioural problems (Vogel 2009). ix. Canned beer gives a metallic tastes to drink (Jim Koch n.d; cited in Johnson 2011) - The taste of a product is very important and so it is best to allow our customers to taste the real PowaPak. The aim in producing PowaPak is to ensure that it meets safety standards for all adults including pregnant and lactating mothers. Sporting enthusiasts and people engaged in sporting activities are the main target group. The ingredients will be assessed to ensure that it is safe for all while providing the required energy and nutrition. Foods in general can be harmful if too much is consumed and so the 250ml bottles are expected to meet the requirements of the majority of consumers - even those with diabetes. The drink will contain ginseng, wheat germ, lecithin, bee pollen and non-sulphured blackstrap molasses. Ginseng which has gained popularity in recent times is highly valued in the Far East (Attele et al 1999). Lecithin contains choline which is good for the brain. Bee pollen is considered to be highly nutritious and can be used to enhance energy, memory and performance (Johnson 2012). It is considered by many to be

Symbolism of Moby Dick based on outline provided Essay

Symbolism of Moby Dick based on outline provided - Essay Example With the White Whale being alluded to the greatness of Christianity --- Ahab being part of this whale --- this could be representational of the concept of the white Christian civilization utilizing slavery as a means toward global success. Captain Ahab is at the helm of Pequod setting sail with a crew coming from different races. Their purpose is to hunt the White Whale with no regard to people who might change this itinerary (Robertson-Lorant 385). Notice that the crew consists of a New England voyager named Ishmael, a South Pacific islander named Queequeg --- who comes from a place that is not seen on maps, and a possible freeman or slave cabin boy named Pip (Pettey 43). Hints about the Indian wars are seen in Melville’s work. First, Pequod is named after the exterminated tribes in 1637. Harpooners in the Pequod consists of â€Å"Aboriginal whalemen† and â€Å"unmixed Indian from Gay Head...where there still exists the last remnant of a village of red men† (Pet tey 47-8). It can be said that Moby Dick has the Indian genocide and the exploitation of workers as two of the major themes in Melville’s work. Works Cited Pettey, H B. "Cannibalism, Slavery, and Self-Consumption in Moby-Dick." The Arizona Quarterly. 59 (2003): 31-58. Print. Robertson-Lorant, Laurie. "Red Blood, White Bones: the Native American Presence in Moby- Dick." Comparative American Studies.