The three models of memory Essay Example for Free

The three models of keeping EssayThe cognitive approach in psychology deals with human thought and mental processes such as fund, remembering and problem solving. The cognitive approach is interested in how people take in information, how they ment anyy represent it and how they line of descent it. It also looks at how the information is perceived and svelte and how integrated patterns of behaviour occur.Memory is fundamental to our lives, we have to recall who we atomic number 18, fill out the faces of every unmatchable we meet and remember how to move and communicate. Several models of the way in which memory is structured and how it functions have been advanced and although there are many differences between the models, they all view memory as a means of touch information. We do not simply record information, we carry out some sort of processing as we eliminate, store, organise and reconstruct the information we receive.This information processing occurs in three stage s encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding involves converting the information we receive from our senses into something that we represent mentally entrepot involves holding information over a period of time in preparation for when it is needed, and retrieval involves recovering stored information.There are three models of memory one of these is the multi store model. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed an influential multi- store model, which suggested that there are three types of information store. The three types of memory stores are the sensory store, the short term store and the extensive term store.When a stimulus invades on our senses then the information passed from the sensory store, onto the short term store and then into long term store. Short bourn Memory (STM) has an extremely limited capacity between five and nine. Miller (1956) suggested that the capacity of STM is The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. study can be lost very easily if the information is n ot rehearsed it remains in short term memory for about 20-30 seconds.Long verge Memory (LTM) has an unlimited hail of information which can be store which can exsert a long time some psychologists believe that memoriesare never truly forgotten from LTM they simply cannot be easily retrieved at will. Also the mode of storage in the LTM is meaning profuseness if you understand information you are more likely to remember it. This is in contrast to STM where, if you recall, sound is important, and remembering is much more dependent on precise recall.Atkinson and Shiffrin regarded the stores as the structural components of the model, but also proposed a number of control processes, such as attention, coding and rehearsal, which operate in conjunction with the stores. non all psychologists consider it useful to distinguish between short term and long term memory. Levels of Processing is one of such model it sees memory as a single dimension rather than a series of separate stores. Th e main principle of this model is that we process information in different slipway and the more deeply we process it, the more likely it is to be stored in memory and able to be recalled. According to the levels of processing framework, stimulus information is processed at multiple levels simultaneously depending upon its characteristics.Furthermore, the deeper the processing, the more that will be remembered. For example, information that involves strong visual images or many associations with existing knowledge will be processed at a deeper level. Similarly, information that is being attended to receives more processing than other stimuli/events. The theory also supports the finding that we remember things that are meaning(prenominal) to us because this requires more processing than meaningless stimuli.Information is more easily readily transferred to LTM if it is considered, understood and related to past memories to gain meaning than if it is further repeated. This degree of consideration was termed the depth of processing the deeper information was processed, the longer the memory trace would last.Craik and Lockhart gave three examples of levels at which verbal information could be processed structural level- e.g. merely paying attention to what the words look like(shallow processing)Phonetic level- processing the sound of the wordsSemantic level- considering the meaning of words (deep processing).Finally the last model of memory is reconstructive memory, in contrast to much cognitive research on memory, which focuses on quantitative tests of how many randomly selected digits, words or nonsense syllables can be remembered under strictly controlled conditions, the reconstructive memory approach has tended to concentrate more on qualitative changes in what is remembered, often of more everyday material such as stories, pictures or witnessed events under more natural conditions.In comparison with the level of processing theory, which emphasizes what happ ens when memories are encoded and stored, the reconstructive memory approach is more concerned with what happens when information is stored and retrieved from memory. bartlett (1932) the pioneer of reconstructive memory argued that people do not passively record memories as train copies of new information they receive, but actively try and make sense of it in terms of what they already know- a process called effort after meaning. Bartlett proposed that new information may be remembered in a distorted way since memories are imaginative reconstructions of the original information in the light of from each one individual past experiences and expectations rather than remembering what actually happened we may remember what we think should or could have occurred.The three models have twain similarities and differences between them both the multi store model, levels of processing theory have many similarities among them. Firstly they both offer explanations for different types of memory /levels Short term memory in the multi store model is the equivalent to shallow processing in the levels of processing theory and long term memory is equivalent to deeper processing.There is a huge count ofresearch try out for both, Craik and Tulving (1975) did an experiment to show Levels of Processing they proposed that as well as depth of processing determining the extent of long- term memory retention, they amount the processing was also important. Murdoch (1962) and Glanzer and Cunitz did an experiment to show the serial position effect in the multi store model, this serial position effect has been used as evidence that two separate stores are in operation and the words are being retrieved from these two stores.However a difference is that more evidence has been strand for the multi store model than levels of processing theory, Miller (1956) suggested that the capacity of Short term memory TM is The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. rehabilitative memory also explains d ifferent types/levels of memory similar levels of processing theory and the multi store model. However reconstructive memory only explains long term memory and not short term memory, deeper processing is linked to schemata which are mental representations of existing knowledge to make sense of what goes on in the world.

Manipulation techniques Essay Example for Free

Manipulation techniques EssayRichard is generally a callous person who shows no remorse to anyone or any action. He is duplicitous, manipulative, deceiving. He counter argues, compliments, quickly responds and twists peoples words.Towards women, he is a different man. He is a very good actor and uses this as an advantage. He normally showers them with compliments and manipulates them.In act 1 scene 2, Richard is put to the test of making Anne agree to marry him.This would prove difficult, as Richard has killed Annes conserve and father-in-law. He compliments her in this scene so much, to pacify her. At this stage, Anne is angry and will not listen to him. For Richard to actually persuade her to marry him would be quite difficult. This is where his manipulation techniques come in. Nay, do not pause for I did kill King Henry-but twas thy beauty that provokes me. Nay, now dispatch twas I that stabbed young Edward but twas thy celestial face that set me on. This speech from Rich ard puts Anne in a very difficult position. She ha a sword in her hand, and he is in a unguarded position. Anne knows he is a murderer and will feel petrified. This is how he manipulates her,Throughout the scene, there is a certain stichomythia. Where Anne makes fun of Richard and then Richard instantly responds somewhat her beauty. He does not hesitate. Would it were mortal poison, for thy snake, Never came poison from so sweet a place. He is responding very quickly and does not give up.Richard says he killed her husband because of her beauty Your beauty was the cause of this defect. He is saying she is so well-favoured that he had to kill her husband so she could be free to marry him. He is trying to make out that she is responsible for her husbands death because he wants to make her feel guilty if she feel guilty, she will be even more vulnerable. He also uses very romantic language your beauty that did haunt me in my sleep. He knows women like to be called beautiful and tel ling her he killed because of her beauty emphasises how beautiful he finds her.Despite Annes initial hostility, Richards persuasive skills win her over. He is so effective that he makes Anne think Richard has become penitent who is honest and show remorse.In act 4 scene 4, Richard negotiation to Elizabeth in a different tone in contrast to Anne. He doesnt shower her with compliments but he gives her ideas of thoughts that could be achieved if she agrees to make her daughter marry him.Richard acts very innocent towards Elizabeth as if he has done nothing wrong. You speak as if that I had slain my cousins. He is trying to make Elizabeth think that Richard is calm, gentle and caring instead of malicious and cruel.Richard talks to Elizabeth a lot about advantages for Richard marrying her daughter I do imagine to make her queen of England. This would mean Elizabeth would be the queens mother.But mine shall be a comfort to your age. This means they will have children and she will be a gr andmother and have a family again.When Elizabeth sarcastically goes over all the ways he has hurt her family, Richard says, You mock me, madam.This is not the way to win your daughter. Richard answers simply and right away because he does not know what else to say. Faced with Elizabeths bitter sarcasm Richard is no longer being clever, witty and cynical. For the first time, he has met someone who can be more sarcastic than him and he doesnt know how to answer her. She is not frightened of him, so he cannot threaten her and, in any case, he needs her process to marry her daughter. He realises he cant get anywhere with her by being so clever, so he decides to persuade her by talking about what she will get out of allowing him to marry her daughter wealth, status, grandchildren, he son allowed to return from exile.For the first time in the play, he has to treat someone as an equal.Richards treatment of Anne in the first extract is different to the treatment of Elizabeth in the second in several ways He showers Anne with compliments he talks to Elizabeth about advantages of her daughter marring him his conversation to Anne is a lot faster and rapid than the one to Elizabeth.

Energy Security For India Environmental Sciences Essay

dynamism Security For India Environmental Sciences EssayIndia stands on the verge of achieving its ideate of being a world power today as her economy races ahead seemingly unstoppable. Though we have been able to achieve food warranter to feed our burgeoning population, the hunger of our economy is yet to be satiated. A emergence economy demands strength an uninterrupted supply of brawn. Today in this world of competing economies, the battle of securing heart and soul of vitality within the rising economy of the world has the potential of being the spark needed to ignite a new world war. No country produces enough cypher in the required forms to satisfy its zero necessarily, thus we ar facing the possibility of conflict as each earth tries to nudge out the other from the push producing beas of the world in order to ensure a continuous supply of expertness. India today faces this formidable ch every(prenominal)enge of non only encountering her energy needs but in addition providing adequate varied energy of desired whole step to the users at a reasonable toll in a sustainable manner. With an economic growth of 8-10 share sought after, the quality quantity of energy required is only going to increase exponentially.4. As India looks to the future and aims to secure her rightful place in the emerging new world order, it is imperative for the farming to understand and plan for a secure energy environment to cater for sustained economic growth. Energy security bequeath play a pivotal role around which Indias rapid progress and development may be sustained in the foreseeable future. It is incumbent on each one of us to have sufficient k this instantledge of the complexities of this issue which will play such an important role in our day to day lives in the years to come.7. There are certain footing and definitions which are grotesque to the concept of Energy Security. The term Energy Security itself is yet to get a single definition and various interpretations of this term abound. The fol miserableing fewer terms relevant to the syndicate research effort are clarified in the subsequent paragraphs.8. Energy Security. Energy security can be defined as The continuous availability of energy in varied forms in sufficient quantities at reasonable price This definition of energy security implies the following-(a) Energy should be provided to all citizens and if this is not possible, then it is not a sustainable situation for a country.(b) Energy security requires that the lifeline energy needs of the nation are met in full. Lifeline energy is the basic necessity of a person to live.(c) Demand of energy backed by the ability to pay by whole strata of society should be fully met.(d) Safe and convenient energy is desirable as use of traditional elicits such as wood or cow dung cakes lead to indoor air pollution which has adverse impact on the health of women and children.(e) Energy is required in different forms to meet d ifferent needs. Energy in one form cannot be easily substituted by other forms. If we try this substitution, it would cost a lot of money and quality of the end product also goes down. For example, using kerosene for lighting houses instead of electricity.(f) Energy should be available at all times. An interruption in this grasp imposes high cost on the economy.(g) To ensure energy security at all times, shocks and disruptions should be anticipated. A country should have the ability to absorb these shocks or disruptions.9. The Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Shri M.M.Deora, delivered a speech in the Shell Distinguished Lectures Series at Rice University, in Houston, Texas, U.S.A. on 31 ring 2006. During this speech, he defined energy security in the Indian context as the assurance of energy supply to all Indian citizens at low-priced cost at all times with a prescribed confidence level considering shocks and disruptions that can be expected.210. In our context, the above d efinition could be and modified. In India, energy security can be defined as follows We are energy secure when we can supply lifeline energy to all our citizens irrespective of their ability to pay for it as well as meet their effective demand for safe and convenient energy to satisfy their various needs at competitive prices, at all times and with prescribed confidence level considering shocks and disruptions that can be reasonably expected.311. Relevant Terminologies.(a) Energy Independence. The condition in which a country is not beholden to foreign nations or fluctuations of the market in meeting its energy needs. Most countries would like to have a greater degree of energy independence.(b) Energy Interdependence. The idea that fossil crude oil producers and consumers are mutually dependent on one another. An appreciation of interdependence is an important component in the evolving conception of energy security.(c) Resilience. Resilience as the term itself implies, refers to a security margin that would allow a country to absorb any minor shocks to its energy supply and facilitate recovery after disruptions. globose Energy Situation12. For the first time since 1998, global primary energy purpose pilot in 2009, but like the broader economic downturn, changes varied greatly crossways regions. With consumption falling, energy prices reduced in 2009, though again the pattern varied by fuel. vegetable oil prices began the year below $40 per barrel, and increased steadily during the year as rock oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC) production cuts were greater than the decline in consumption. Natural sport in competitive markets fell sharply and remained weak through most of the year due to falling consumption, go along development of unconventional resources in the US and rising Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) supply. Coal prices also fell and then started to recover, while displaying regional variety. The recession and now, hopefully, the recove ry, has taught us how interlinked the world really is.413. Oil. world-wide oil consumption declined by 1.2 million barrels per day (b/d), or 1.7percent, the largest decline since 1982. China, India and center Eastern countries accounted for all of the non- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) growth. Global oil production dropped even more rapidly than consumption, falling by 2 million b/d, or 2.6 percent, the largest drop, again, since 1982. OPEC production cuts implemented late in 2008 were maintained throughout 2009, leading in a decline of 2.5 million b/d, or 7.3 percent. Every OPEC member participating in the production-cutting agreement reduced railroad siding in 2009. OPECs Middle Eastern members accounted for nearly 75 percent of the overall reductions. Oil production outside OPEC grew by 0.9 percent or 450,000b/d. Non-OECD contentedness surpassed OECD capacity for the first time. The Asia-Pacific region accounted for more than 80 percent of the global growth, largely due to increases in India (+19.5percent, or 580,000b/d) and China (+10.5percent, or 820,000b/d). Global crude runs fell along with oil consumption, declining by 1.5 million b/d, or 2 percent.The proved oil resources and oil consumption by the region are enumerated in the map and graph -14. Natural Gas. Globally, natural gas was the fuel that experienced the most rapid decline in consumption, falling by 2.1 percent, the largest decline on record. Consumption declined in all regions except the Middle East and Asia Pacific. Russia had the worlds largest decline (in volumetric terms), with consumption falling by 6.1percent. OECD consumption fell by 3.1 percent, the largest decline since 1982 the decline in the US was a relatively modest 1.5 percent, as weak prices improved gass competitive standing against other fuels. Iran saw the worlds largest volumetric consumption growth, while Indian consumption growth of 25.9 percent was the highest among major(ip) countrie s in percentage terms. Global gas production declined for the first time on record. yield fell sharply in Russia (-12.1 percent) and Turkmenistan (-44.8 percent), driven by declining consumption in Russia and much of the rest of Europe and the availability in Europe of competitively priced melted natural gas (LNG).5Continued expansion of unconventional supplies allowed the US to record the worlds largest increase in production for the third consecutive year, surpassing Russia as the worlds largest producer. turnout in the Middle East and Asia Pacific also increased, driven by growth in Iran, Qatar, India and China. The proved natural gas reserves of the world are shown below-15. Coal. World coal consumption was essentially flat in 2009, the weakest year since 1999. For the first time since 2002 , coal was not the fastest growing fuel in the world. The OECD and the former Soviet Union experienced the steepest decline on record, while the growth elsewhere was near honest, largely due to above average growth in China, which accounted for 46.9 percent of global coal consumption.6Today coal accounts for 23.3 percent of the worlds energy demands and this figure is likely to increase by 60 percent by 2030.16. atomic Fuel. Global nuclear power generation declined by 1.3 percent a third consecutive annual decline. Lower output in Europe and Eurasia as well as North America,outweighed increases in Asia Pacific.7Nuclear fuel contributes to only 6.8 percent of global energy requirements however, this is likely to see a sharp rise by 2030.17. Hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity output grew by a below average 1.5 percent which was non the less sufficient to make it the worlds most rapidly growing major fuel in 2009. Growth was led by China Brazil and the USA.USAs Energy Policies and their Impact on India18. The first decade of the new millenary has seen the energy interests of India and the United States of America intertwine like never before. The issues of continuing reliance on fossil fuels, increasing dependence on imports to satiate energy hunger and the need to address the issue of climate change has further enhanced the cooperation between the two countries. The United States of America has enunciated the following as the strategic goals and the measures to achieve them, for its energy policy-(a) Energy Diversity. Increase energy options and reduce dependence on oil, thereby reducing vulnerability to disruption. The strategies to reach this goal are as follows-(i) Reduce dependence on energy imports, particularly oil in the transportation sector, by developing and effectively deploying technologies to increase fuel might and enable the substitution of alternatives such as bio fuels, electricity, and hydrogen.(ii) Collaborate globally with governments and scientists to expedite the development and deployment of unconventional energy resources, such as bio fuels, that can substitute for oil and natural gas.(iii) Collaborate globally with go vernments and scientists to expedite the development and deployment of nuclear power which can substitute for oil and natural gas.(iv) Ensure adequate crude and regional home heating oil supplies during emergency famines by maintaining the operational readiness of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and North East Home Heating Oil Reserve.(v) Ensure an expanding supply of domestic energy for the American public by promoting the construction of an Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline and the environmentally responsible development of the outer(prenominal) Continental Shelf and the Artic National Wildlife Refuge.(b) Environmental Impacts and Energy Strategies to Reach this Goal.(i) Support the creation of new nuclear generation capacity to produce carbon-free electricity in the near term (2015) complete a permanent repository for nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain by 2017 and, develop next generation groundbreaking reactor and fuel cycle technologies for deployment in the long term (2025) for both electricity and hydrogen production.(ii) Advance clean coal technology through public-private partnerships for continued electricity generation from the countrys extensive coal resources, ultimately resulting in near-zero atmospheric emissions power plants.(iii) Support research and development efforts to reduce the costs of renewable energy technologies and accelerate the large-scale use of carbon-free electricity sources.(iv) Develop technologies to reduce fomite emissions by improving efficiency and greatly expanding the use of clean fuels, while maintaining vehicle safety, performance, and cost characteristics.(c) Energy Infrastructure and Strategies to Reach this Goal.(i) Develop advanced wires and coils to increase the capacity, efficiency, and reliableness of the electricity system.(ii) Advance real-time visualization and control tools to improve the reliability and efficiency of the Nations electricity delivery system by increasing the utilization of transmission and dispe rsal as stipulates.(iii) Integrate advanced technologies, including distributed generation, storage, and load management on distribution utility feeders to improve the efficiency and reliability of constrained sections of the electricity grid.(d) Energy Productivity and Strategies To Reach This Goal.(i) Support enhancements to existing energy markets that will dish up throw off private investment in more streamlined and economically productive end-use technologies.(ii) Develop integrated building technologies and formulate appliance standards to significantly increase the energy efficiency of residential and commercial buildings.(iii) Partner with energy-intensive industries to develop technologies that enable more efficient use of energy in their industrial processes.(iv) Develop technologies that enable cars and trucks to be fuel efficient, while remaining cost and performance competitive.19. Impact on India.(a) Development and Deployment of Renewable Energy Technologies. The d omain of renewable energy offers tremendous opportunities for beef up Indo-US relations. While US companies have already invested heavily in the Indian market, especially in the field of solar energy, Indias own Suzlon Energy Cooperation has emerged as the worlds one-fifth largest supplier of wind turbines and the US forms a hub for its operations. Thus this two way exchange benefits both countries.(b) Promoting Energy Efficiency and Power Sector Reforms. The Unites States of America had set this as a major target for its energy security goals in the coming future. At the same time,the Indian energy security policy also aims at achieving better energy efficiency across all sectors. The USAID collaboration with the Government of India has already brought out the formulation of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in India which has set the energy efficiency standards for various appliances in the country. As the US take further strides in this field, India too can benefit from its experience.(c) Civil Nuclear Deal. The signing of the civil nuclear deal has opened up new opportunities for the Indian nuclear industry. With the technology now available as a result of the deal, India would be able to increase the share of nuclear energy in its energy basket form a meagre three percent now to nearly eight percent by 2030.(d) Clean Technologies in the Field of Non Renewable Resources. With the world still dependent on non renewable sources such as oil and coal, the need of the hour is to develop technologies which can dish up in better utilisation of the fuel in a more energy efficient and environmentally friendly manner. The two countries can collaborate in this field to develop these technologies.Chinas Energy Policies and thier Impact on India20. China become a give the sack importer of oil in 1993 and since then embarked on wide ranging changes in its energy policies in order to ensure a continuous supply of energy to fuel its phenomenal growth. With its ent ry into the global oil bazaar as a major importer, China quickly learned the hazards of relying solely on purchase policies in the open markets. The more aggressive recent foreign investments of its state owned enterprises, notably China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and China National onshore Oil Company (CNOOC), stem directly from a May 1997 policy paper in which former Premier Li Peng blessed Chinese intricacy in the exploration and development of international oil and gas resources .He also tied such projects specifically to the objective of stable, long-term supplies of oil and gas. The Chinese governments energy policies are dominated by the countrys growing demand for oil and its reliance on oil imports. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the primary policymaking and regulatory authority in the energy sector, while four other ministries oversee various components of the countrys oil policy. The government launched the National Energy Administra tion (NEA) in July 2008 in order to act as the key energy regulator for the country .The policy focused on the following areas(a) Self sufficiency.(b) Encouraging the diversity of energy structure and imports.(c) Improve energy efficiency and adjusting economic structure.(d) Energy conservation.21. Impact on India.(a) Chinas String of Pearls strategy is well known as a means of encircling India however the origin of this strategy lay in securing her energy needs. These pearls extend from the coast of mainland China through the littorals of the South China Sea, the flip of Malacca, across the Indian Ocean, and onto the littorals of the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf. China is building strategic relationships and developing naval forward presence along the SLOCs that connect China to the Middle East. The list of pearls include the following upgraded military facilities in Hainan Island, upgraded airstrip on Woody Island located in the Paracel archipelago about 300 nautical miles east o f Vietnam, container transportation facility in Chittagong, Bangladesh, construction of a deep water port in Sittwe, Burma, construction of navy base in Gwadar, Pakistan, pipeline through capital of Pakistan and over Karakoram Highway to Kashgar in Xinjiang province that would transport fuel to China itself, intelligence gathering facilities on islands in the Bay of Bengal near the Malacca Strait and construction of Hambantota port in Sri Lanka.(b) Loan for Oil. China is taking advantage of the economic downturn to step up its global acquisitions and financial backing of projects. One of the financing strategies is to secure long-term deals is Chinas bilateral loan-for-oil deals with several countries. These loans amount to about $50 trillion or 70 percent of the total investments by the 3 major NOCs since 2008 according to industry sources. While several resource-rich countries have been strapped for cash during the credit crunch of 2008-09, China can use its vast foreign exchang e reserves, estimated at $2 trillion, to help leverage such investments. China finalized loan for oil deals recently with Russia, Brazil, Venezuela, Kazakhstan, Ecuador and reportedly agree to a loan of $3 billion to Turkmenistan to assist in developing the South Iolotan gas field project to feed the exchange Asia Gas Pipeline. China agreed to loan Russian companies, Rosneft and Transneft $25 billlion to pay the East Siberia Pacific Ocean oil pipeline in exchange for 300,000 bbl/d of oil shipments. The Chinese Development Bank (CDB) also agreed to loan Petrobras of Brazil $10 billion so that Sinopec can access 200,000 bbl/d of oil for export to China. The loan to Venezuela stands at $4 billion to finance various projects increasing oil exports to China almost three-fold to 1 million bbl/d by 2015. CNPC and the China Export-Import Bank intend to channel Kazakhstan $5 billion each in two loans allowing CNPC a much larger role in the upstream oil development in the Central Asian cou ntry, following the companys acquisition of Petro Kazakhstan in 2005.(c) Acquisitions in Africa. Many in the oil industry agree that the most pragmatic acquisition strategy would be to look for good exploration blocks. But this is predicated on having a corporate team capable of evaluating possible exploration acreages in the world, which the big international oil companies have. Unfortunately, however, most of the Indian oil companies, unlike the Chinese companies, do not have a comprehensive set-up or database to follow this strategy, with the result that India ends up getting blocks that are in the very high risk category. Neither are the exploration blocks acquired in the bidding round examined in depth due to shortage of time available thanks to lack of adequate research of the area. Although Indian oil companies have notched up some successes over the last few years in buying equity stake in foreign oil and gas blocks, the most notable being the Sakhalin-1 (offshore) project in Russia and the greater Nile project in Sudan where the Chinese also have a major interest, they have failed in many more or managed to acquire marginal stakes in others. For instance, India lost a bid to acquire Royal Dutch/Shells 50 per cent interest in Block 18 offshore Angola, which includes the great Plutonia development, with reserves of one billion barrels, after the Chinese government offered the Angolan government a 17-year, $2 billion loan at a low (1.5 per cent) interest rate along with the offer to build hospitals, and electronics manufacturing factories.8The Indian government was also prepared to support ONGC by offering $200 million to help build a railway, but this was dwarfed by the Chinese package.

Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders

Importance of Financial Information to StakeholdersFinancial teaching contain in annual reports that the companies are create in occlusiveically. That period is identified as inform period. Company obligates to provide monetary information to their various stakeholders during the past reporting period.Annual report is a report the accompany report their comprehensive transactions and events to publish and provide for subscribe tod parties. There are few reasons to publish annual reports by companies generally as follows.Because companies select legal tariff between companies and the government act implemented for companies is cognisen as company act 2007 No 7. The company acts section 150, 151, 152 and 153 has mention the obligation to erect financial statements, content and form of financial statements, obligation to prepare group financial statements and content and form of group financial statements accordingly.Stakeholders of the company require the financial informati on for following reasons.To know how well the company is doing.To find company has earned more(prenominal) money than they spent.To get an idea about strategic and tactical plans of the management.To provide information to make decisions who make decisions about organisatoin.Avoid dissimulations and corruptions of the organisation.Through the audit process, organisations will be able to identify weaknesses of their control of procedures and corruptions occurred receivable to them.To obtain and fulfill the financial requirements from monitory markets via financial equipments such as shares, debentures, bank loans and etc.1.1. Importance of Financial Information to StakeholdersHowever the financial information require by stakeholders of the organisation. Stakeholder of the organisation undersurface divide into two. The bellow chart corresponds the stakeholders of the organisation according to the environment they belongs to.Stakeholders of the OrganisationExternal stakeholdersa). Suppliers and Trade creditorsb). Governmentc). Consumersd). humanitye). MediasInternal Stakeholdersa).Directors Managersb). Shareholdersc). Employees(Diagram 01)Above chart shows the deviation of stakeholders of the organisation and they require financial information due to various purposes.1.1.1. Directors and ManagersTo make decisions about the organisation in antithetic time and in different level. Directors and managers of the organisation are taking different types of decisions as follows.About new investment and project appreciation decision.About move and discontinued operations.Dividend decisions.Diversified business decision.Winding up decision.To establish overall objectives and periodical targets.To avoid dissimulations and corruptions.To establish squired systems and strengthens control of procedures.To increase the productivity level of the organisation.1.1.2. ShareholdersTo coif whether their investment will be sold, Holt or bought more shares of the organization. To decided the fairness of the returned for their investments.To determine the going concern of the organisation.To obtain wide knowledge about the organisational activities.To compare their investments and their benefits with early(a)(a) competitive organizations and industries.1.1.3. EmployeesTo know about the stability and profitability of the employer.To know about remuneration, retirement benefits, and employment opportunities are in organisationTo hold in the job security with the current employer.To ensure the fairness of the salaries and wages they obtain from the organization according to their earnings.To stupefy a clear view about other operations of the organisation.1.1.4. SuppliersTo ensure their payments of supplies will be received on due.To ensure the stability of their customers.To have knowledge about other products and their suppliers of the organisation.To compare their transaction with quick and other companiesTo find other competitive suppliers and their c ontribution towards the organisation.To find opportunities to supply more.1.1.5. GovernmentTo collect accurate taxes and amounts from organizations on due dates.To provide government donation to improve their business.To obtain financial and non-financial assistance for government development projects.To ensure the organizations oversee their employees in reasonable way.To ensure the organizations configuration with government rules, regulations and acts that established by the government.1.1.6. ConsumersTo have knowledge about the cost structure of the products that the organisation is producing.To ensure the stability of the organisation.To know about the organizations profitability, because profitability is a shed light to know about products impossible growth, improvements, best customer service and low price strategic implications.To know about CSR programs conducted by the organisation.1.1.7. PublicTo conscious about organizations true contribution towards the society.To kn ow about the opportunities to link with the organisation.To know about CSR contribution towards the country.To conscious their activities which can be affected to interest of the nature and the country.2. Standards requirement for published Financial StatementsThe entire organizations specially registered in Sri Lanka need to prepare their financial statements according to the requirements of the explanation standard issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka (ICASL). ICASL is responsible for prepare and issue all accounting standard which are relative and necessary to prepare financial statements.The entire organizations need to be adopted and compliance with the accounting standard which issued by the ICASL and need to mentioned under the notes to the financial statements of their annual report. This note can identify as Note of Compliance. As an example Richard Pearis PLC has mentioned their note of compliance as follows.The Financial Statements of the Company and the Group, comprising the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Equity, the Cash Flow Statement, Accounting Policies and Notes to the Financial Statements are prepared on the basis of the historic cost conventions, and in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Accounting Standards laid down by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka. These principles and standards have been applied consistently with that of the previous year. No adjustments are made for inflationary factors affecting these Financial Statements.There is a list of accounting standards. Its consisting with 28 LKASs and 8 SLFRSs. (See appendix 01).2.1. LKAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and ErrorsAs per the requirement of LKAS 8 all of the companies need to mention their accounting policies estimates that they have used to prepare their financial statements during the reporting period. Because due to the change of any policy of the compa ny will be affected retrospectively and caused to restated of comparative information unless it is impracticable to do so. Appendix 02 represents probative accounting policies and estimates that use by Richard Pearis PLC.2.2. SLFRS 8 Operating SegmentsAs per the above standard company may have some operating divisions. Operating segment can define as followsOperating segment is a component of an entity,It may earns revenue and incur expenses to the organisation,Operating results are revived by progress of directors andDiscrete financial information is available.Bellow table shows the segmental operations of Richard Pearis PLC.(Table 01) (Richard Pearis PLC, (2012). Financial Statements In (ed), Arpico Annual Report. 2012 Sri Lanka pp.41.)2.3. LKAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting.LKAS 34 requires preparing retardation financial reports due to timely and reliable interim financial reporting improves the ability of investors, creditors, and other to understand an enterprises capac ity to generate earnings and cash flows and its financial conditions and liquidity. Richard Pearis PLC prepares their interim financial reports according to the following financial colander.2.4. SLFRS 4 Insurance ContractsThis standard is applied virtually all insurance contracts that an entity issues and to reinsurance contracts that it hold. This is not applied to other assets and liabilities such as covering under the scope of LKAS 39 financial instruments recognition and measurement. Therefore company need to disclosure following information as requirement of this standard.Accounting policies for insurance contracts and related assets, liabilities, income and expenses.The recognized assets, liabilities, income, expenses and cash flows arising from insurance contracts.If the insurer is a cedant, certain additional disclosures are required.Information about assumptions that have the greatest effect on the measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses including, if pract icable, quantified disclosures of those assumptions.The effect of changes of assumptions.Reconciliations of changes in insurance liabilities, reinsurance assets and if any related deferred acquisition cost.2.5. SLFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources chthonian this standard affected activities such asThe search for mineral ,Determination of the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting those picks.Following are specially excluded from the scope of the SLFRS 6Expenditures incurred before the entity has obtained legal rights to explore in a specific area andExpenditure incurred after the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource are demonstrable.The accounting policy that entity can apply for mineral resources areAll expenditures related to exploration and evaluation assets need to incur to profit and vent and first recognition of the asset required to measure at cost, subsequently whether cost or revaluat ion model.Exploration and evaluation assets need represent in balance sheet, if its satisfy LKAS 16 requirements under property plants and equipments or if its satisfy LKAS 38 requirements under in apparent assets.2.6. LKAS 16 Property Plant and EquipmentsProperty, Plants and Equipments (PPE) are tangible items thatAre held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes andAre evaluate to be use during more than one accounting period.(Mapitiya, (2011). Definitions of Standard In Gayan (ed), LKAS 16 Property plant and Equipment. 1st ed. 2011 Sri Lanka pp.4.)The cost of assets of an item of PPE shall be recognized as assets if and only ifIt is potential that future economic benefits generate with the item will flow to the entity.The cost of the item can be measured reliably.All property, plant and equipments require to represent in balance sheet under non-current assets and need to be valued whether cost or revaluation model.Every property, plant and equipment need depreciate. Depreciation can define as systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life.Depreciable Amount = Cost-Residual ValueUseful life of the asset is the period the entity is expected to use. It will be vary from each and every asset. Company can use different types of depreciation methods that mentioned in the standard. They areStraight line method. diminution Balance method.Units of production method.2.7. LKAS 38 Intangible AssetsIntangible Assets are that identifiable non-monitory assets without any physical substance.(Jayasigha, (2011). Intangibla Assets In Dimuthu (ed), LKAS 38. 1st ed. 2011 Sri Lanka pp.2.)There are three searing features of intangible assets. They are

Discrimination Concerns in a Business Environment

Discrimination Concerns in a Business EnvironmentOrganisational policies and proceduresLegal complianceDirect DiscriminationDirect discrimination consists of treating a mortal less favourably than others be or would be treated, on the grounds of guide, sex, disability, religion or belief, and versed orientation.Indirect DiscriminationThis includes practices which look fair alone pee discriminatory side effects, which may or may not be intended.HarassmentHarassment of several(prenominal)s related to their sex, unravel, disability, religion or belief, or sexual orientation is regarded as a form of discrimination, and is therefore illegal. Harassment is defined asUnwanted conduct related to any of the grounds covered by the legislation which takes place with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a someone and/or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment.VictimisationVictimisation occurs when an individual is adversely treate d because they have made a complaint of discrimination or harassment, or provided evidence in such a caseOrganizations argon leg wholey required to follow a set of practices to ensure discrimination is eradicated and expectations of equality are met in the workplace.1970 The Equal Pay Act (EPA) (as amended), appoints it un integrityful for employers to part between men and women in terms of their pay and conditions (including pay, holiday entitlement, pension etc) where they are doing the same or similar work work rated as same or work of equal value.1975 The Sex Discrimination Act (SDA) (as amended), makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of sex or marital status in areas such as employment, education and the provision of goods and services.1976 The move Relations Act (RRA) (as amended) makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of colour, race, and nationality, ethnic or national origin. The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 forbiddenlaws discrimination in all man kind authority functions, and places a general duty on public authorities to promote race equality and good race relations. There is also a ad hoc duty to produce a Race compare Policy and undertake race equality impact assessments.1995 The impediment Discrimination Act (DDA) (as amended) makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of disability in the areas of employment, the provision of goods and services and education. The 2005 Regulations provide rude(a) definitions of direct discrimination and harassment and widen the duty to make reasonable adjustments.1996 The Employment Rights Act (as amended by the Employment Relations Act 1999) covers many issues including an employees entitlement to maternity leave, paternity leave, adoption leave, parental leave and the right to request flexible working arrangements. It also outlaws detriment in employment and affords employees a right not to be unfairly dismissed and to receive a redundancy hire (providing qualifying criteria are met). Further Regulations elaborate on these.1997 The guard from Harassment Act makes harassment both a civil tort and criminal offence, and although originally drafted to provide protection from stalking, covers other forms of harassment, both in and out of the workplace.1999 The Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate against a person for the purpose of employment or vocational training on the ground that that person intends to undergo, is undergoing, or has at some time in the past undergone gender reassignment. In particular, the Regulations give transsexuals the right to be protected from direct discrimination.2001 The Special educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA) extends the DDA (1995) to include the provision education (including Higher Education). It makes it illegal to discriminate in the provision of education on the grounds of a students disability. It is now largely incorporated within the DDA (2005).2002 The Employme nt Act makes provision for rights to paternity and adoption leave and pay amends the law relating to statutory maternity leave and pay makes provision for the use of statutory procedures in relation to employment dis lay outes and covers the right to request flexible working.2003 The Employment comparison (Religion and Belief) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of religion or religious belief in employment and vocational training.2003 The Employment comparison (Sexual Orientation) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation in employment and vocational training. The Regulations protect homosexuals, heterosexuals and bisexuals.2004 The Gender Recognition Act 2004 gives legal mention to a transsexuals acquired gender. For example, a male-to-female transsexual allow be legally recognised as a woman in English law.2005Disability Discrimination Act makes substantial amendments to the 1995 Act. It introduces a duty on all public b odies to promote equality of opportunity for disabled multitude. In particular, public bodies have to produce a Disability Equality Scheme to promote disability and to explain how they intend to fulfil the duty to promote equality.2005 The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations are concerned with the principle of equal treatment of men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions. It makes changes to the definition of harassment at work and confirmative discrimination, and also prohibits discrimination on the grounds of pregnancy and maternity leave.2006 The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate against employees, job seekers or trainees on grounds of age in employment and vocational training. They prohibit direct and indirect discrimination, victimisation, instructions to discriminate and harassment. They introduce a minimum retirement age of 65 a duty on employers to respond to requests to work beyond retirement age and remove the upper age limit for claiming a redundancy payment or unfair dismissal.2006 The Equality Act makes provision for the establishment of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) by merging the Equal Opportunities Commission, the Commission for Racial Equality and the Disability Rights Commission. The EHRC is responsible for promoting equality and diversity and will work towards eliminating discrimination on the usual grounds (including religion and belief, sexual orientation, age, gender, disability, race and gender reassignment2007 The Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007 make it unlawful to discriminate on the grounds of sexual orientation in the provision of goods, facilities and services, education, disposal and management of premises and the exercise of public functions.Meeting Organisational Aims and Commitment Elements which lead to peoples commitment1. Commitment is anattitudeCommitment is anattitudea ps ychological frame of mind which motivates people to work towards certain goals. Managers can train employees with new skills and impart them with new knowledge but quite often than not they find it extremely nasty to effect changes in peoples attitude.2. Use of resourcesCommitted people commit their total resources, which include going extra mile for achieving goals assigned to them.3. proceedingof goalsCommitted people not only work hard but also are also smart enough to know the ultimate results, which are expected of them. Commitment thus means striving till theachievementof ultimate goals.Writing Equality and Diversity PoliciesA good policy will be split into these sectionsA statement of intentThis spells out organisational commitment to equality and diversity in terms of opportunity and access, and your commitment to tackle discrimination.A purposeThis explains why your organisation is writing and adopting the policy. Your organisation may wish to refer to and recognise issue s of specific discrimination or refer to any specific research related to your organisation.A commitment to movementYour organisation needs to list what steps it will take to ensure that its intentions and purpose are reflected in the way the organisation plans action, makes decisions, recruits staff and volunteers, delivers services and supports staff and volunteers and service users. There should be a statement about positive action to tackle under- federal agency in this section.A review of the legal requirementsYour organisation needs to describe how this legislation relates to your work and what steps you intend to take to ensure you meet the hold legal requirementsDiscrimination, harassment and victimisationThe policy needs to define direct and indirect discrimination (including discrimination by association and by perception), harassment and victimisation, all of which need to be tackled in the policy through statements committing the organisation to action.Implementation and communicationYour organisation needs to explain how the policy will be put into practice and how it will be communicated to all staff, volunteers and service users.Monitoring and evaluationYour organisation needs to describe how the policy will be monitored and evaluated and who will be responsible for that work. Your organisation needs to state how long the policy will be in existence and when it will be subject to review.Complaints or mark and disciplinary proceduresYour organisation needs to make clear how complaints and disciplinary action can be triggered by actions contrary to the policy, how appeals can be made, who is responsible, and how matters are resolved.An action planFinally, you need to write an action plan. This will include objectives with clear outcomes, stating who is responsible for each objective, what resources are in place, when each target will be met and what evidence the organisation can provide to show the outcomes have been met.ReferencesImproving Eq uality and Diversity in Your Organisation A Guide for Third heavens CEOs. Retrieved from http//www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/ACEVO%202011%20Improving%20Equality%20and%20Diversity%20in%20Your%20Organisation%20-%20A%20guide%20for%20Third%20Sector%20CEOs.pdfDelivering Equality and Diversity. Retrieved from http//www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/l/e/Acas_Delivering_Equality_and_Diversity_(Nov_11)-accessible-version-Apr-2012.pdfRetrieved from http//www.businessballs.com/equality.htmLegal Services Commission Equality and Diversity Guidance 2013.Retrieved from https//www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legal-aid/civil-contracts/equality-diversity-guidance-for-providers.pdfRetrieved from http//www.selfgrowth.com/articles/ACHIEVING_EXCELLENCE_THROUGH_TOTAL_COMMITMENT.htmlRetrieved from www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded/publication_1668.doc

Self Discovery and Noel Perrins The Androgynous Man :: Androgynous Man Essays

Self Discovery and Noel Perrins The Androgynous ManReading The Androgynous Man by Noel Perrin1 sparked a number of thoughts. Our fathers sperm and our mothers ovum ar both necessary for fertilization and conception. For every human being seen walking the face of this planet, this formula has taken place of necessity. Without both genders, there would be no single gender every unrivaled is part mom and part dad. Therefore, the hormones that dominate in apiece gender are present in both genders in varying amounts. And since every individual derives being from both mom and dad, there is a wide range of possibilities in the niche that each person in each gender result be naturally inclined to, regardless of the stereotypical roles. Everyone is distinctive and unique. When I was in high school, for the first time in my life history I developed a group of exceptionally close friends. We referred to ourselves as The Family. We were looking for meaning in life, meaning . . . and acceptan ce. We were a coed group consisting of about cardinal people-five girls and five guys-and we learned a lot about ourselves and life. One thing that we learned was the freedom to be who we were. We did all kinds of things together-we laughed, we cried, we talked, we fought, we loved, and we hated we unselfishly supported one another through the storms of adolescence. In the process, we learned how to become truly whole persons. We were not afraid of our masculine or feminine sides, and self-discovery blossomed with the water of mutual acceptance. In some ways, I feel as though I have lost a part of what I had then. I have become so logical and analytical in my thinking that at times it seems as though I have no remaining emotional side left. And afterward all, what is it that matters most in life? Science will never be able to empirically demonstrate the love that bonds people together-logic will never be able to demonstrate the warm feeling you have from sharing yourself with some one else-analysis in itself will never offer up happiness, contentment, worth, and value. Above all, science, logic, and analysis will never be able to grasp the spiritual because they insist on what is packaged and precise as Christian singer/songwriter Nichole Nordeman so poignantly sings in Who You Are. Can one ever package the mysteries of the universe and the awesome Creative force that spawned them?

National Defense: A Political Perspective Essay -- essays research pap

National Defense A Political Perspective The defense of our nation has always been a surd issue throughout Americas political history. Although our nation has not existed a long period of time, our country has had to take up arms to hit the world safe for democracy many times. Liberals and conservatives are also constantly up in arms over the issue of the best way to obtain the country.One of the foremost issues in the ongoing debate is that of a Ballistic Missile Defense program. The idea was first pitched during the tense period of the nipping War. Colin Powell, a prominent conservative, saw Missile Defense at the time the time not as a Utopian dream but as a useful way of throwing a scare into the war planners of the Soviet Union(Keller, 1). Typically, Republicans as far back as Ronald Reagan have embraced the idea of a Shield against the hostile intentions of any nation with ballistic missiles, but many remain skeptical of a technological dependence that such a form would incur. George W. Bush believes in a limited Missile Defense program, but in order to institute advanced testing of the technology, a way roughly the A.B.M. treaty would have to be found. This treaty was made in order to reduce the nuclear arsenal of both Russia and the United States. Conservatives generally embrace the program as a viable solution to one of the nations top prioritys in homeland defense....