Edgar Allan Poe Research Paper

His writing shows that he is familiar with the thought process of a madman, leaving some o believe that he himself was In fact insane, but If he were, could he have the ability to describe such dark thoughts and deeds In detailed graphic account? Most of Pope's short stories revolve around death, gloom and the mental state of his main character/ characters. More often than not, the main character of his stories is thought to have a certain degree of insanity. The â€Å"Tell- Tale Heart† does not disappoint.The story follows the formula that Edgar Allan Poe perfected: death, gloom, and mental instability. Some believe It Is the narrator's Insanity that causes him to dismember he old man Into several pieces and place him under the floorboards while others question whether or not the main character was really insane. In order for one to be able to come to a plausible conclusion concerning the mental health of the unnamed narrator one must know what insanity is, the medical defini tion of insanity, and compare both definitions to the mental state of the narrator in the story.So what exactly is insanity? The word insanity was actually termed by lawyers within the legal profession. Insanity Is a relatively new defense In the united States, as It was not restricted until around 1849, the time that Edgar Allan wrote the story â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†. Around the time the story was written there were many cases in America being tried where the defendants had plead not guilty by reason of insanity.Some think that Poe was paying close attention to the trial, as his story seemed to be a confession in which the narrator confessed the murder, but has all intentions of getting off by alluding to be While most would argue It was all an act, there are certain aspects In the story that allude that the narrator may have not been pretending to be Insane. The legal deflation of Insanity Is, â€Å"a mental Illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distingu ish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct his/her affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior† (Hoses).Within the medical profession, there is no definition for the word insanity. It is not a diagnosis that is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as ADSM. What Is diagnosed in the ADSM are various mental problems that can cause an Individual's behavior to change, sometimes leading them to commit a crime depending on their diagnosed mental illness. Based upon the clues provided in the story â€Å"The Tell- Tale Heart,† one can conclude that the narrator is suffering from the mental disorder of paranoid schizophrenia.Psychiatrists believe that when a person suffers from paranoia they most likely have paranoid schizophrenia. People with paranoia tend to believe that they have super sensitive hearing. They hear Inanimate object talking to them or voices that don't auditory hallucinations, violence, al oofness, etc. Paranoid schizophrenia is â€Å"one of several types of schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness in which reality is interpreted abnormally (psychosis).The classic features of paranoid schizophrenia are having beliefs that have no basis in reality (delusions) and hearing things that arena real (auditory hallucinations)† (â€Å"Paranoid Schizophrenia†). The story begins with the narrator stating â€Å"†¦ But why will you say that I am mad? The disease has sharpened my senses-not destroyed- not dulled them I heard things in the heaven and in the earth† (Poe 40). Within reading the first few lines of the story, the narrator has revealed to the audience two symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, anxiety and auditory hallucinations. These symptoms, especially his disposition to dispute, are manifested not only when he â€Å"arose and argued about trifles† but also throughout the narration†¦ Obviously, the prisoner's captors have named his c rime for what it is, the act of an anxiety-ridden madman; this is the argument that the narrator- illustrating another symptom of schizophrenia, lack of insight- rejects as erroneous, impertinent, absurdly false; this is the thesis to which he attempts to provide the antithesis † (Zimmerman).In regards to the medical aspect, the anxiety reveals itself in the way that the narrator is attempting to give his side of the story. He has admitted to his extremely nervous behavior, yet later in the paragraph states, â€Å"Hearken! And observe how healthily- how calmly, I can tell you the whole story' (Poe 40). The audience should also notice within the first paragraph where the legal definition of insanity could also be applied. It is here where his words begin to contradict themselves.It is here where he starts to demonstrate a mad man, by accusing the audience of coming to the conclusion that he is mad. He then goes on to imply that if he were mad, he â€Å"would be out of control , †¦ Profoundly illogical, and not even recognize the implications of his actions† (Benumb). As the narrator divulges information about murder, the symptoms of violence, anger, and delusion also appear, further evidence to back up the claim that the narrator is a paranoid schizophrenic. It was open-wide, wide open- and I grew furious as I gazed upon it†¦ Lat was the beating of the old man's heart. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage† (Poe 42). Here the narrator has shown the symptom of anger. The old man has done nothing to the narrator to upset him. The narrator claims it is the beating of the old man's heart and his dull blue eye that causes him to grow furious and it is what ultimately causes him to become violent towards the old man and end his life.The symptom of delusion appears throughout the whole story from the beginning. We have the narrator being delusional in thinking that he knows what the audience is thinking about him. He is delusional when he states , â€Å"†¦ For it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye† (Poe 41). When you combine the delusion, anger, anxiety, and violence, it is very easy to see how one can come to the conclusion that the narrator is in fact not of sound mind.

Tourism, a factor of sustainable development

All forms of tourism development that are conducive to saving rare and precious resources, in particular water and energy, as well as avoiding so far as possible waste production, should be given priority and encouraged by national, regional and local public authorities; To minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in the development and operation of tourism facilities and services. A sustainable future depends on the careful management of resources to ensure their availability for present and future generations. Resources that are non-renewable, in limited supply, or essential for life support are of particular concern. These include land, fresh water, forests, minerals and fossil fuels. Conservation of energy is important, especially where it is derived from non-renewable resources. Tourism is a signiï ¬ cant user of resources in many areas. Ensuring that it uses resources eï ¬Æ'ciently is important both for the wellbeing of the local environment and host community and in maintaining global resources. Eï ¬Æ'cient use of resources, notably energy derived from fossil fuels, is also important in the reduction of polluting emissions. Resource eï ¬Æ'ciency in tourism will be achieved largely by changing the consumption patterns of tourists and tourism enterprises. Enterprises should be encouraged to establish environmental management systems to minimize impacts and drive a process of continual improvement. To minimize the pollution of air, water and land and the generation of waste by tourism enterprises and visitors. Maintaining environmental purity means reducing waste and harmful emissions to the environment in order to preserve the quality of the air, water and land that sustain life, health and biodiversity. Actions should address all aspects of pollution prevention and control throughout the lifecycle of tourism development, during and after the use of facilities, as well as the impacts of tourists themselves. Although local impacts on the environment, such as local air and water quality, are the most immediately apparent to local communities and to visitors, the tourism industry also has global environmental impacts. Governments need to recognize the responsibilities towards both the global and the local environment that are inherent in maintaining environmental purity. There is a need for a profound change in the way we generate and use energy and in other activities that release greenhouse and other gases into the atmosphere. Global pollution may also impact many local destinations through the consequences of climate change. As with promoting resource eï ¬Æ'ciency, waste and pollution control will be achieved largely by changing the consumption patterns of tourists and tourism enterprises. This should be a key component of individual environmental management systems within enterprises.

Of Mice and Men †Character study of Curly’s wife Essay

The novel ‘ Of Mice and Men’ is set in America and is about two travelling workers who have been chased off one ranch because Lennie, one of the men did not know how to behave himself. Lennie is large, heavy and ponderous and George is small quick, dark, sharp and restless. Another tragedy happens on the ranch like in weed because Lennie used his strength to kill Curley’s wife. I can sympathise with Curley’s wife although she was a flirt with the other men she was not expecting to be killed by Lennie. We first meet Curley’s wife in chapter two. She is described as heavily made up and wears tarty red shoes. She poses her figure outlined in the doorway of the bunkhouse and is always aware that men are looking at her. This makes me think that she is just looking for attention from the men. George shows the reader that he does not like Curleys wife because George tells Lennie that she is jailbait and for Lennie to stay away from her. Lennie see’s her as an attractive young lady but she is really just a threat to the men on the ranch. In chapter three there is a big fight involving Curly and Lennie. Curley has not liked Lennie since he was looking at Curleys wife so Curley just lost his rag and started punching Lennie but then Lennie just reached for Curley and just grabbed his hand and started squeezing his hand and his hand crumbled in Lennies hand, George told Curley to tell everybody that he got his hand caught in the machine and that is what he told everyone. This just shows how Curley’s wife is acting like a tart and a flirt to get all the men in trouble with Curley.Curley feels insecure because of his wife’s behaviour. In chapter 4 Curleys wife was heavily made. I can sympathise with her because all she is trying to do is make some friends on the ranch but every time she tries to talk to someone they all think she is trying to flirt because she is desperate for attention because she has got an unhappy marriage with Curley and that the men think that she is trying to get them in trouble with Curley.I fell sorry for Curleys wife because on the ranch she was all alone. In chapter 5 we learn that Curleys wife had a dream to be in the movies. I do feel sorry for Curley’s wife because she could have been in the movies but that was just a pipe dream because now she is stuck on the ranch married to Curley with no friends. Curley and his wife have only been married for two weeks and already they both hate it being together on the ranch. I think Steinbeck is trying to get across to the readers that she has no one in the whole world that cares for her. Her death was brutal and quick, at first lennie was just playing with the pup then he broke its neck and that is what he done to Curley’s wife. My final thoughts on Curleys wife is all she was trying to do is make friends on the ranch but she just got pushed out everyone. In chapter six it is hard to feel sympathy for her because she was flirting with the men but she did not deserve to be killed by Lennie. I feel sympathy for Curley’s wife although she was a big flirt and she got treated badly by Curley, she did not deserve to be killed. I think Steinbeck included Curley’s wife in the story because I think that she makes the story interesting because she is the story.

Compare Mozart's 3rd Movement of Eine Kleine and Mozart's symphony Assignment

Compare Mozart's 3rd Movement of Eine Kleine and Mozart's symphony no.40 - Assignment Example s through a length of calm or seemingly walking pace-tempo, the Nachtmusik minuet and trio of 2 eight-bar phrases, on the other hand, is characterized by staccato octaves which chiefly maintain lively cadence throughout the piece. The 3rd movement of Symphony No. 40 is quite peculiar in the sense that it may be conducted with a flexible ensemble intended for a type of audience who desires a musical approach that could either be solemn or ethnic. On the contrary, one may expect Eine Kleine Nachtmusik III to be playing in front of listeners who are rather disposed to acquire inspiration for an artistic creativity or simply nurture an appreciation for choral yet grandly prolific composition at the heart of Mozart’s progressive nature with rhythm. In terms of instrumentation, the latter is executed with two violins, a viola, and a cello whereas for Symphony No. 40, Mozart himself preferred a flute and a pair each of clarinets, oboes, and bassoons which are further accompanied by two horns. It turns out that Eine Kleine Nachtmusik remains on the mainstream of the modern age for the piece itself does not just convey classics limited to the era of its origin. Capable of stimulating great delight on basic human sensations, it induces a sense of liberation, comic relief, or anything between cheerfully intense and outrageously high. For such ground, there emerge some commercials and films that include Eine Kleine Nachtmusik track, having been found hugely relevant to most current subjects involving mood shifts and stories of

D2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

D2 - Assignment Example The environment is critical in shaping and determining the child’s development. In transition to parenthood, Cochenour and Chrisman (61) explain this stage to be a critical stage where the young parents are redefining their career growth, while at the same time a child comes along to require more attention and care from the two. Thus according to Cochenour and Chrisman, a child can be source of joy or conflict; the care of the child puts more strain on the parents, who are still required to utilize their strengths in defining their new career goals (Cochenour and Chrisman 64). The extended family thus chips in to offer the child the required development; the child no long belongs to the parents alone, but has to identify her/ himself with the large family context as all the family members have a role to play in shaping the child’s development. In addition, this brings about the sense of belonging and inclusiveness, which is necessary in defining identity. To solve the p roblems of conflict between parents as the new child requires more attention and care from the two; both parents have to actively participate in rearing the child; the role should never be left as an obligation of a particular parent. This creates the required environment for child development. Parents should also choose an environment that would be constructive in the child’s development. In understanding the structure of a family, the family systems theory would be of much importance to childhood educators. Cochenour and Chrisman (62) explain that the theory’s primary concept is that the family consists of interconnected members, with each member influencing the other in predictable and recurring ways. The theory would largely focus on the family behaviors and history to influence an individual’s behavior. Therefore, understanding this theory would help early child educators to have prior knowledge related to the several types of families,

Organizational Behavior Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Behavior - Term Paper Example It is mainly the human resource department that has to develop diversity related program. However, organizational diversity is not possible without the support of the senior management. Firms that are able to embrace this diversity and over that realize the benefits from it are the ones that benefit from such workforce diversity. Large multinational today are working with employees coming from different culture and countries and they are successful at the same time. Communication is the exchange of information or ideas from one party to another. Organizations cannot operate if there is no effective communication. It is the life source in any company because the organization is made of people who need to interact in order to work together. It creates mutual trust and understanding among the management and the employees else the production can come to a halt with ambiguous information and miscommunication (Daft, 2001). Effective communication helps to promulgate and clear the goals and interests of the organization in all the workers. For example if there is no effective communication then the employees would not know the goals therefore they will not work hard to achieve them which will impact the productivity. They will not know their responsibility, the supervisor will not be able to give feedback to the employees, and the manager will not be able to train the employees. The effects of absence of effective communication are endless, as the organization increases in size communication can end up being part of diseconomies of scale. This is why firms tend to focus on the communication channels in an organization be it a small or large business. Business ethics is the behavior of the firms in dealing with their day to day operations. This is related to morals and principles. This principle is not confined towards the interaction of a business enterprise towards the economy as a whole but also towards a single individual. The concept gained more popularity in the 21st century due to the awareness in people as well as the emergence of pressure groups who are taking an active role in standing against such corporations who are violating the laws pertaining to their business ethics (Robbins & Judge, 2004). There are many top global brands around the world that have been fined millions of dollars as they have broken the ethical and antitrust laws. Apart from that they have a negative reputation among the consumers. The problem is that the amount of dollars that they get fined is way less than what they earn therefore they continue with their way of doing business. This indicates that money is the driving force in all this. The businesses gain in the short term but on the whole it undermines the economy. US Rep. David Scott was fined by the state ethics commission $7500 for the use of campaign money for the personal use. This was against the ethics commission.Change management is a common word used in organizations these days. It is a systematic way of incorporating the change within an organization for the most effective outcomes. An organization has to implement the changes in the

Is One Child Policy in China Effective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is One Child Policy in China Effective - Essay Example The implementation of the one-child policy saw the light of day early 1980s. This legislation came in to curb the unprecedented population increase that took place a couple of decades before 1980s. Formulation and drafting of the policy had started late 1970s, but the actual implementation took place in 1980 and subsequent years. Even though population increase was getting out of control, it was difficult to get the policy operational. Since the 1980s, one-child policy implementation has been dynamic due to the adoption of some specific changes from time to time.In light of the provisions made in the policy, there are a number of purposes served by the one-child requirement. The ultimate goal of the policy is to control and manage Chinese population. The operational aspects of the policy were designed to reduce births in the country. With reduced births within and across the country, population growth rate would significantly reduce. In other words, the essence of the policy is to re duce fertility levels, discourage couples from having many children, and ultimately reduce the general population in China (Wan, 2012).To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the policy promotes family planning through use of contraceptives. Government-funded agencies conduct massive awareness and creation and public education on matters of population, social welfare, and economic development. In essence, the purpose of the policy is to enhance the interconnection between the three variables.

Stock Control Using Visual Basic.net Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Stock Control Using Visual Basic.net - Essay Example The main vision of this project; is to achieve a method of a simple stock count of a mini market (corner shop), as these shops are still mainly managed and run in a traditional way. These groceries are in large numbers due to high demand; they have the potential of optimizing the business as well as deliver goods to customers on a continual basis. Therefore the project proposed is intended to assist the clients with an easy way to acknowledge the owner of the goods available and goods which a due to run out, so that they can place an order at the right time, with this method the client is able to reduce holding time as well as optimising cash flow. The delivered program will be able to store data of goods, which will be strategically sequenced by product line code (PLU). It will also have the ability to indicate when the stock is running low. As well have an easy and friendly way to operate.Since it’s a proven fact indeed that Inventory and Stock Control has a big impact on th e efficiency of the business, intensive research is to be carried out, to determine the problems of stock control that retail business is facing. Then the data collected will be critically analyzed and computed along with key retail- experienced staff that has been in the business that will then determine the need of the program. Steps to be taken to create the program are to be strategically planned and laid out on a data flow diagram (DFB) and data process diagram (DPD) to illustrate the contents.

Personality Description Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personality Description Paper - Essay Example Personality, hence, has an impact on future success in the school and the workplace. This student is conscientious and analytical, but sensitive to the emotions and needs of others, and he works best with people who are creative, logical, and empathic, which has implications for being a transformational leader with contingency framework values. Some of the defining traits of this student are conscientiousness and analytical thinking. As a non-native speaker, it is important to work extra hard in completing assignments and doing school work. According to the temperament graph and feedback from others, the student is dedicated in self-improvement. He shows conscientiousness in enhancing the skills and knowledge needed to complete academic tasks. Furthermore, this student shows persistence in going beyond mediocrity. The Johari window information reveals a strong similarity between what people see and the hidden area of this student, especially regarding determination. This student believes that hard work pays, and his friends and classmates see that he is a hard working student and team member. The blind self shows that these friends think that sometimes, this student is underestimating his growth. They say that he is pushing himself too hard at times and being too critical of his achievements. These sentiments give an idea to this student that he must be a perfectionist to some extent because of high expectations of his own skills. The hidden area in the Johari window is believed to be extroversion. His classmates think that he is an extrovert because of his efforts in socializing with others and being sensitive to their emotions. In reality, this student sees himself as more of an introvert. The MBTI or Myers-Briggs Type Indicator supports this personal assessment, where this student finds solitude in thinking and working alone. Nevertheless, when needed to work in groups, he is willing to adapt and to become a leader or

Applying the knowledge and understandings demonstrated in Feminisim Essay

Applying the knowledge and understandings demonstrated in Feminisim and postmoderinisim in a specidic research area - Essay Example If truth were told, more people in the United States now days work for companies owned and led by women than for the five hundred prime public companies. However, there still lies so much tension between men and women at work. Controversy rises on the difference issue that if men and women in actual fact lead in like chalk and cheese ways or on the difference in their view and making use of authority or on the difference in amount and type of sacrifices made by high-achieving men and women for the growth and prosperity of the company and themselves too. It is quite true that there exist dissimilarities between men and women in management style, though not in skills but only in approach. Million years of history at the office or in the living room cannot be ignored at all. The sidesplitting Broadway show by the Caveman has summed up the dissimilarity quite well that Men hunt while women gather. That is the reason why in the present day, discrimination are rising between men and women not only on place of work but also in every aspect of life. (Manning, 279) Womens short of advancement in moving up the corporate ladder is over and over again associated with a various types of job related separation in which lady managers of a company are downgraded to the entry level and some middle management positions, although are effectively barred from getting hold of higher paying positions within the company. The observable fact has been popularly written off as the "glass ceiling", which implies the lady managers despite the fact that remaining adequately close to see the next level, but are not permitted to reach it. Other popular subjects, such as the "mommy track" may as well be taken for consideration as another form of occupational or "job" prejudice. In both the cases, the company treats male and female workers in a

Comparison and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison and contrast - Essay Example By analyzing these fragments and piecing them together, a modern civilization can extrapolate and theorize about long-term social changes that occurred throughout the rise and fall of empires. In Ancient Greece and Persia, in particular, one can trace the influence of individuality on those two empires’ vision of man’s place on earth. Individuality is a concept rooted in the fabric of Greek society, while it is the value of obedience to god-like authority that one sees most clearly in Persian society. These differing social, moral, and philosophic factors are all perceptible in study of the artworks that have survived from these ancient peoples. Art is particularly useful for understanding the lives and beliefs of ancient peoples because, according to one scholar, art tells a person more about the reality of something than do the bare facts uncovered by empirical investigation (McBrien 132). Because social values strongly influence the individual perception of the world , artworks created by individuals in that context share a great knowledge about the cultural understandings of that social context. Therefore, one of the most important ways of analyzing an ancient culture is to look at its art. One key aspect of any given culture is its view of the individual versus society. Some societies clearly favor an individual’s place in the world, while others clearly support the society over individuals. The bust of Pericles sits in the British Museum and is a slightly idealized version of the Athenian political leader. Although the bust as we see it today is a copy of an earlier work completed by Cresilas, it is faithful to the original and demonstrates the qualities given to the representation of Pericles by the sculptor. Pericles was a famous leader of Athens during the time of the Peloponnesian War and the construction of the Parthenon. Despite the tendency of leaders to be immortalized through history, the history of Pericles is relatively accu rate due to the quality of Athenian historians. In many ways, Pericles represents the golden age of Athens, and his bust reflects that history, without going over to extravagance. In the bust, Pericles peers off into the distance, wearing atop his head a mask of war, and keeping a thick beard. The size of the bust is realistic with respect to its dimensions and how it models an actual human being’s size. These features make the bust look very realistic and human: treating Pericles very much as a man of achievement and virtue, rather than as a god. In contrast, the Persian statue of Darius I, who was treated as a god in his empire, is a depiction of a god and not a mere mortal. It is Egyptian in character, which was a civilization known for treating its rulers as divine beings. A hieroglyphic inscription on the statue states, â€Å"Darius—may he live forever! The statue, formed as a true image of the perfect god, the Lord of the Two Lands† (Mysliwiec and Lorton 1 51). The statue lives up to this commencement: showing the figure as a towering being without attachment to the physical world. While the statue commands an instant attraction to what exactly it means, the purpose of the statue seems immediately clear: to give a sense of reverence and admiration to the leader of the Persian people. Darius clearly used the rhetoric of a godlike figure in order to

Ebay, A Company Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ebay, A Company Analysis Essay In August 2 ,1990, after Saddam Hussein’s military forces invaded and occupied Kuwait , there was large Iraqi military build up close the Saudi Arabia’s border. President Sr Bush perceived that Iraqi’s aggression and military build up was a serious threat not only to the security and independence of Saudi Arabia but also vital to US national interest in the Persian Gulf region. The main intention of Saddam Hussein was to control half of the world’s supply of Petroleum from Gulf region . Sr Bush initiated â€Å" Operation Desert Shield â€Å" and dispatched US military to Saudi Arabia to defend that country against a possible Iraqi attack. President Bush took bold decision and dispatched US troops to Saudi Arabia even without obtaining prior approval from US Congress. Later when reporting to Congress and Nation, Bush informed that he has acted in deference to Saudi Arabia’s specific request for American assistance in bolstering Saudi defenses and deterring possible Iraqi attack. To free the Kuwait from Iraqi occupation , President Bush ( Sr) rallied the support of United Nations by getting the U.N Security Council approval on November ,29,1990 to pass U.N. Resolution No 678 which authorized U.N members to use â€Å" all necessary means† to coerce Iraqi invaders from Kuwait , and to take military action if Iraq failed to withdraw from Kuwait by January 15,1991. OPERATION DESERT STORM: On January ,12,1991 , President Bush succeeded in getting Congress approval for the President use of â€Å" all necessary means â€Å" to carry out the UN Resolution 678. Now the President Bush had all the authority and support to persuade Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. On January16, after the Iraqi Government failed to withdraw its military forces from Kuwait by the deadline ,President ordered â€Å" Operation Desert Storm â€Å" and Iraqi forces were defeated and Kuwait was liberated. After Iraqi Government agreed to observe and comply with all U.N.Resolution , a ceasefire was ordered .Operation Desert Storm helped to destroy greater part of Iraq’s military machinery and Iraq’s claim to Kuwait. During June 1993, President Clinton ordered U.S. air strikes at Iraqi intelligence service headquarters at Iraq which had instigated and fostered a conspiracy to assassinate former U.S.President George Bush during his to Kuwait during April 14-16,1993. After the Persian Gulf War in 1991, the USA continued to engage economic as well as military conflict with Iraq. The main aim of the USA was to put an end to Saddam Hussein’s military regime in Iraq and to prevent Iraq becoming threat to international peace and U.S National interest in Middle East and to deny Saddam Hussein the opportunity to utilize Iraqi military to extinguish his political opponents among the Kurdish inhabitants of northern Iraq and among the Shi’ite Muslim marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq. The other main aim of US is to compel the Iraqi Government to honor its International obligations, including those relating to (1) The ban on the further development, productions and stockpiling of nuclear, biological, chemical and other weapons of mass destructions. (2) To call for the destruction of existing stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. (3)Recognition of and respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of Kuwait, (4) Compliance with the terms of the ceasefire agreement ending the Persian Gulf War. The main objective of the continuing military presence and activity of the USA and its allies in the Middle East –the Southwest Asia / Northeast Africa / Persian Gulf region is to prevent the Iraq regime and military forces from jeopardizing international peace and US National interest in the region. The other main aim was to prevent Iraq from threatening the security and independence of neighboring countries such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and from endangering US access and that of the other industrialized nations to the oil of the Middle East, the region which has over 70% of the Globe’s known petroleum reserves. During early October , 1994, US decided to drawdown its troops in the middle east in a phased manner , Saddam Hussein ordered the movement of his troops towards southward and headed in the direction of Kuwait. As a result, there was a significant Iraqi military build up along the Kuwait border. Saddam Hussein action clearly demonstrated his capacity to threaten neighboring countries and imperil the industrialized West’s access to Middle Eastern petroleum. Saddam Hussein action also revealed about lack of trustworthiness and his determination to violate the terms of the ceasefire agreement ending the Persian Gulf War. Again, UN Security Council had passed a resolution on October, 15, 1994 condemning the Iraq Government for the deployment of troops along the Kuwait Border. Bill Clinton, who was then the President of USA, deployed US Reinforcements on the Kuwait border to Iraq to counter the Hussein’s troops. Because of the strong and determined US response, Saddam Hussein backed down and withdrew all the troops from Kuwait border. Because of the defused environment, US also ordered the withdrawal of its troops from Kuwait. OPERATION DESERT STRIKE. In early 1996, Saddam Hussein began to initiate military actions which demonstrated that his predisposition toward making mischief in the Middle East had not really abated. The Iraqi despot dispatched his military forces into the Kurdish region of Iraq, seeking to regain political control over Iraqi territory .Saddam Hussein military invaded the region of north of the 36th parallel ,captured Irbil and pursued and attacked Kurdish refugees . Bill Clinton responded to Iraqi aggression by initiating Operation Desert Strike. However Operation Desert Strike was not as vigorous as it might have been because US response was to take action affecting Iraqi military positions and matters far from the battlefield in Northern Iraq. In short , US abandoned the Kurds and failed to live up to the obligation to protect and defend against Iraqi aggression over the region north of the 36th parallel , where thousands of members of groups opposed to Hussein’s rein were operating and functioning under the guidance of the US Central Intelligence Agency. The reason for the not taking stringent action during Iraq’s aggression against Kurds in 1996 by Clinton was mainly due to forth coming Federal elections which due during November, 1996. US ELECTION -1996 President Clinton however managed to keep the Iraq issue out of the 1996 elections to enhance his reelection chances. However, Saddam took it as US weakness and started to continue his endeavor to circumvent, erode the strength of USA. Saddam soon began a series of challenges to the system of UN Sanctions and inspection imposed on his regime to prevent if from developing, producing and stock piling weapons of mass destruction .Saddam’s continuous resistance to the UN WMD Program and its implementation came to a peak in January, 1998 when he expelled the US members of UNSCOM, the UN Weapons Inspection team. OPERATION DESERT FOX: From 1997 onwards, Saddam tried to obstruct the UN weapons inspection program in Iraq. He frequently protracted military confrontation with the USA and its allies. At one stage, he expelled the most of the US members of the weapons inspection team and because of this action, UN Security Council threatened to reinstate economic sanction against Iraq and Saddam never took serious of the warning issued by UN Security Council. In protest, the United Nations recalled the other inspection team members. The non cooperation from Saddam resulted in American –British military build –up in the Persian Gulf. This had effect of attitude of Saddam and it induced him to back down short while and he readmitted the weapons inspectors, including those from the USA. In November, 1997, Iraqi regime gave notice that it would not permit the U.N inspectors to enter and inspect sites at designated â€Å"palaces and designated residences â€Å" ECONOMIC SANCTION: In January, 1998, Saddam Hussein again expelled the U.S. members of the U.N weapons inspection team. The UN again protested by withdrawing the other inspectors and due to this a standoff continued and tensions were heightened. The UN Security Council imposed economic sanctions on Iraq. Again, a US military build up in the Persian Gulf commenced. In February, 1998, U.N Secretary General –General Kofi Annan negotiated an agreement whereby the Iraqi regime allowed readmission of U.N inspectors and resumption of the weapons inspection program. In return for this concession, the Iraqi government was given assurance that the Security Council would consider lifting the economic sanctions. The UN Weapons inspectors team did not receive full support from Iraqi regime during this period as Iraq claimed that the Security Council had shown no signs of taking steps for the removal of sanctions imposed .On October ,1998 Saddam again terminated the work of the UN Inspection team at Iraq. This has resulted again in building up of military presence by American –British in the Persian Gulf. On November 5, 1998, United Nations recalled UN Inspection team assigned to Iraq. Again Saddam yielded and allowed the UN inspection team in Iraq. But this was short lived .Again on December .1998, the UN team once again left Iraq.UN report dated 15th December .1998 charged the Iraqi Government for non cooperation and denial of access to records and inspection sites and through clandestine movement of equipment and records from site to site. OPERATION DESERT FOX : Based on the UN report. President Clinton decided to take military action against Iraq. The operation was named as Operation Desert Fox, a massive campaign of air strikes against key military and security targets in Iraq .Several targets were attacked in this operation including head quarters of Saddam Baath Party, barracks of the sad dam’s elite security guards, republic guard barracks and his daughter’s palace at Tikirt. The main goals of the Operation Desert Fox were (1) to degrade Saddam ability to make and use of weapons of mass destruction .(2) to diminish Saddam ability to wage war against his neighbors and (3) to demonstrate the consequences of flouting International obligations. President Clinton terminated Operation Desert Fox after three days as it had inflicted significant damage on Saddam WMD programs and his military and security infrastructure. and Iraq’s missile programme had been set back by at least 12 months and its military might had been substantially damaged. President Clinton ordered at the end of December ,1998 to draw down the U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf .But it is to be noted Operation Desert Box though successful but could not compel the Iraqi regime to accept and cooperate with the U.N.Weapons inspection program. GAME OF CHICKEN: This encouraged Saddam Hussein to play the dangerous â€Å" game of Chicken â€Å" with USA and its allies. Saddam Hussein continued to play hide and seek game with U.S.A , its Allies and with UN by defying the west and jeopardize its interests in the Middle East. He yielded temporarily when threatened with or subjected to western military attack. He reneged on the International commitments which he made in order to avoid or end a western military assault against his political regime and military / security forces. After the end of the operation Desert Fox , the U.S.A and its allies have engaged in a low level war with Iraq. The main aim of US to give protection to the Kurdish and Shi’ite minorities in Iraq from suppression and genocide from Saddam. The other aim is to replace Saddam region by another leader or group of leaders favorably disposed to US. In waging war with the Iraq , President Clinton has been acting in compliance with the reporting requirements of section 4 of the War powers Act of U.S.A. The President has been periodically reporting to Congress on the Status of U.S hostilities with the Iraqi regime and on other matters relating to the hostilities. Bill Clinton pursued a policy of belligerence towards Iraq , imposing crippling economic sanctions , undertaking the most sustained bombing campaign after Vietnam war and making â€Å" regime change† in Iraq as official US Policy. US POLICIES UNDER BUSH REGIME: A secret blue print for US global domination reveals that President Bush and his cabinet were planning a premeditated attach on Iraq to secure â€Å" regime change â€Å" even before he took power in January 2001. A plan called â€Å"Global Pax Americana â€Å"was drawn mainly to take control of the Persian Gulf region sans Saddam Hussein region while civil government was reestablished. It is to be noted that war was initiated on the main ground that Iraq was non cooperative in allowing inspection of weapons of mass destruction. However, in the aftermath of war, it became apparent that Saddam had no such weapons programme. Many Americans including prominent members of the Congress, claim Bush and his administration lied or misled the country based on doctored intelligence reports. The Bush Administration also linked the invasion of Iraq to the war on Terrorism, claiming that Hussein was giving safe heaven to and supporting terrorist groups. There were also accusation that Saddam was indirectly supported the September 11, 2001 attacks on America. It is to be noted that although the Bush administration strongly suggested ties at some level between Hussein and Al-Qaeda, it did not accuse Saddam of complicity in the specific events of 9/11 events. POST INVASION OF IRAQ: Military occupation was established and run by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) Which later appointed and granted limited powers to an Iraq interim Governing Council. Coalition and allied Iraqi forces have been fighting a stronger –than –expected militant Iraqi insurgency and hence ,the reconstruction of Iraq has been slow . In mid -2004, the end of the occupation was brought about and a new sovereign and independent Interim Government of Iraq assumed the full responsibility and authority of the State. The CPA and the Governing Council were disbanded on June 28, 2004 and a new transitional constitution came into effect. Sovereignty was transferred to a Governing Council Iraqi interim Government led by Iyad Allawi as Iraq’s first post-Saddam Prime Minister. But this Government can make laws only with the approval of CPA. The Iraqi interim Government was replaced as a result of elections which took place in January, 2005. A period of negotiations by the elected Iraqi National Assembly was followed which culminated on April 6,2005 with the selection of the leaders who currently head Iraq among them Prime Minister Ibrahim al –Jaafari and President Jalal Talabani. The multinational forces still exercise considerable power in the Country and with the New Iraqi Army, conduct military operations against the Iraqi insurgency .The role of Iraqi government forces in providing security is increasing. CONTINUING INSURGENCY: Even though, the Ba’ath Party organization was disintegrated, elements of the Secret police and Saddam army began forming guerilla units and focused attacks around Mosul, Tikrit, Fallujah .These elements who called themselves freedom fighters began using ambush tactics, suicide bombings and improvised explosive devices, targeting coalition forces and check points. Suicide bombers believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunnis, Syrians and Saudis tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations mainly of Shias, OPERATION METADOR: During early May, 2005, the U.S launched Operation Matador, an .assault in the ungoverned region of western Iraq. Its goal was the closing of suspected insurgent supply routes of volunteers and material from Syria .The US allies succeeded in recapturing the whole area and even fighting the insurgents all the way to the Syrian border , where they were blocked . PARTICIPATING NATIONS IN THE MULTI NATIONAL ARMY IN IRAQ: As of September, 2005, there were 26 countries with military forces stationed in Iraq. These were Albania, Armenia, Australia , Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria ,Czech Republic , Denmark ,El Salvador , Estonia , Georgia , Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania , Macedonia ,Mongolia , Netherlands ,Norway, Poland ,Romania, Slovakia, South Korea, United Kingdom , United States, Fiji and Ukraine. Poland, the Netherlands, Norway, Bulgaria and Ukraine have announced plans to withdraw. CONCLUSION: The Kerry campaign in Presidential election against George Bush charged that US is acting as neo-colonial power and claimed that US bungled the war due to incompetence , mismanagement and arrogance .Designed to advance US commercial and corporate interest abroad , military force was often used to break open markets that resisted diplomatic and economic pressures. â€Å" The Carter Doctrine† as it become known , made it clear the United States would use military power in the Gulf to secure and maintain the oil resources needed to turn of the wheels of the Empire. This policy explains the US sale of heavy weaponry to Saddam Hussein in the early 1980’s when war broke out between Iraq and Iran. US took many efforts to normalize relationship with Iraq then .Despite Saddam’s use of Chemical against Iran and Kurdish population in northern Iraq, the United States continued to back Iraq .Emboldened by these signs of support for his regime, Saddam invaded Kuwait in 1990.The first Bush administration however quickly came to view the invasion as a threat to US supremacy in the region and launched the first Gulf War. Sanctions were imposed by the UN at the behest of US in order to secure US control over Iraq’s Oil. The United States did not care about the â€Å"fact† that the sanctions have apparently killed hundreds of thousands of Iraqi’s by withholding necessary food supplies and medical supplies. Madeline Albright ,the US ambassador to UN ,when asked that more than 500,000 children had died because of a lack of adequate nutrition and medical care, replied â€Å" I think this is a very hard choice ,but the price-we think-the price. The American’s gross ignorance of conditions in Iraq was shown by their miscalculation in relation to the Shiites in the South. They thought that the latter would rise up against Saddam Hussein and welcome the invaders with open arms. But none of this happened Napoleon knew a lot about bayonets and found many uses for them, but there is one thing they can not be used for , as he pointed out: You can not sit on bayonets. The Americans and British do not have a real base of support in Iraq. A long term guerrilla war waged with low-tech methods like sniping, ambushes and suicide bombings can have a devastating effect over a long period if it has the backing of the people –and it will . Though the US is a super power, it is to be remembered that it was defeated by barefoot army in Vietnam. The Great Britain was once the land of rising sun has to vacate their colonies in all most all countries due to upsurge of the subjects of that nation. After Iraq , US is now concentrating how to destabilize Syria on the pretext of extending military aid to Baghdad and harboring escaping Ba’athist leaders ,but also of possessing weapons of mass destructions. Again US is also try to destabilize the Iran by accusing that it is under the way to add nuclear arsenals which is going to be great threat to world peace. The number of causalities in the Iraq’s war is alarming .US alone lost 2105 innocent Americans (soldiers) and Allies lost 201 and innocent Iraqis killed was around 30,420 . Who is going to be father or brother or care taker of the innocent family which lost their life in the war . To prove its mightiness, innocent lives have been lost and do the US or its allies are going to answer the cries and hues of foresaid the families who have lost their dear and near for the nation. Let alone history has to tell us what is Iraq’s fate and political independence in the near future. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1.Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy- by Ole R.Holsti. 2.The Dynamics of Coercion – American Foreign Policy and the limits of the Military Might-by Daniel Byman , Matthew C.Waxman. 3.The Iraq war and its consequences :Thoughts of Nobel Peace Laureates and Eminent scholars.- edited by Irwin Abrams, Wang -Gung –Wu. 4. Wars on Terrorism and Iraq :by Mary Robinson. 5.Today ,Iraq – Tomorrow –The World ? –by Gill Hinshaw

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Epidural

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Epidural Is epidural the best of all words – no pain but full consciousness? (Yerby, 2000). Discuss During pregnancy many women give some thought on what they will do to cope with labour pain. Some women aim to have the most natural type of birth, with the least possible pharmacological interventions. Others request a pain free labour, such as opting for an epidural anaesthesia as a type of pain relief. But do women actually know about the risks epidural anaesthesia can create for them and their baby? Or do they opt for it just because they heard other mothers say that it was the best? Epidural anaesthesia is a type of regional anaesthesia which is rapidly increasing in its popularity. Epidural works by blocking nerve conductions from the lower spinal segments, resulting in a decreased sensation in the lower half of the body, while at the same time the mother is still awake and conscious (Fraser Cooper, 2009). The drug is administered in the lower back, into the epidural space, specifically in the lumbar region between lumbar 1 and 4. This is achieved by cautiously inserting a Tuohy needle through the lumbar intervertebral space. Once the epidural space is reached, a catheter is threaded through the needle, which will facilitate the administration of the drug either by bolus top ups or continuous infusion. Once epidural is injected, it will start to exhibit its effect within approximately 20 minutes (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Indications for using epidural anaesthesia There is no absolute indication for opting for epidural anaesthesia, however clinical instances may include: Maternal request: mothers now acknowledge the fact that they can give birth with the least possible amount of pain. Today the majority of parents already have a plan in mind of what they wish and request for their birth experience. Having ongoing accessibility to internet encourages parents to search for types of pain relief, allowing them to make their own choices of what they think is best for them. Upon searching and from what they hear from other mothers, they are actually believing that epidural is one of the best choices of pain relief medication (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Pain relief: prolonged labour can be very tiring and stressful for the mother. Having an epidural can help in reducing the continuous stress of contractions and can possibly help the mother to relax, making her able to conserve energy for later use during the active phase of the second stage of labour (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Hypotension: epidural has the potential to lower down the blood pressure. This can be used as an advantage for women who suffer from high blood pressure. Thus this anaesthesia can possibly stabilise the blood pressure during labour, aiming to reduce complications (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Preterm labour: epidural aims to decrease the sensation of powerful contractions and so can be opted for to possibly lower the desire to push during a preterm labour. Use of such anaesthesia depends on the specific condition of the mother and the baby (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Side effects of epidural anaesthesia on the mother Opting for an epidural can deliver a good experience amongst many women. Mothers are able to rest and relax from the painful contractions while at the same time they are awake and conscious. However, opting for this anaesthesia is very likely to be the beginning of a cascade of interventions. This means that birth can be transformed into a very medicalised experience, ending up with the mother feeling that she has lost control over her own birth experience. In fact, the World Health Organization states that, â€Å"epidural analgesia is one of the most striking examples of the medicalisation of normal birth, transforming a physiological event into a medical procedure.† Generally, decision of opting for such a pain relief is made without the mothers awareness of the possible complications it can create. Hypotension: Studies show that epidural can be the cause of a sudden drop in blood pressure. Although the drug is injected around the spinal cord, there can be a degree of the anaesthesia that passes into the maternal blood stream, with the consequence of lowering the blood pressure (Healthline Editorial Team, 2012). This in turn would require, prompt venous access in order to administer fluids to quickly correct the blood pressure. Low blood pressure will result in less oxygen reaching the baby, which upon prolonged exposure can result in hypoxia of the baby. In much more severe cases, medications and oxygen may also be required in order to maintain a stable condition (Mehl-Madrona Mehl-Madrona). Delayed labour: Studies have shown that epidural anaesthesia, can be the cause of slowing down labour process. This is mainly due to the interaction of the drug with the birthing hormones. Epidural anaesthesia tends to decrease the production of oxytocin (Rahm, Hallgren, Hogberg, Hurtig Odlind, 2002). Oxytocin is one of the main hormones of labour, that is episodically released from the posterior Pituitary gland in order to stimulate the uterine myometruim to contract and retract, facilitating the foetal ejection reflex of birth (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Moreover, epidural also lowers the production of prostaglandin. This uterotonic hormone is essential for cervical ripening, effacement and dilation during labour (Kresser, 2011). As a result to this reduction of birthing hormones, the process of labour is hindered and thus upon medical decision, synthetic oxytocin known as Syntocinon is given in attempt to accelerate labour process, aiming to strengthen and increase the frequency of contractions (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Prior to the administration of Syntocinon, amniotomy is to be performed, unless membranes were previously ruptured. Having Syntocinon infusion, requires continuous electronic foetal monitoring in order to accurately observe the foetal heart and uterine activity. This in turn restricts mobility. The rate of Syntocinon infusion should be carefully observed in order to exclude uterine hyperstimulation. This is when having four or more contractions in a ten minute period, which in turn causes poor placental perfusion ending up with the foetus getting compromised, as blood flow between the mother and the foetus tends to decrease during contractions (Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, 2012). In addition, if uterine hyperstimulation is ignored, it can ultimately cause uterine rupture or placental abruption. It is the role of the midwife to continuously monitor the state of the mother. Palpation of the fundus is one of the skills used to determine the strength, frequency and length of contractions, altogether with electronic foetal monitoring (Buckley, 2005). Moreover, Syntocinon can create a feeling of lack of breath, confusion, fast and irregular heartbeats, severe headaches and chest pains. In-coordination of Pelvic Floor Muscles: Epidural also negatively affects the strength and coordination of the pelvic floor muscles. These muscles guide the foetal head to enter the pelvis in the best position for the delivery of the baby. Lack of such coordination results in foetal malposition (Mander, 2011). Changing labour positions aids in the rotation of the foetal head, however if malposition persists, instrumental delivery is next in choice. The decision to proceed with an instrumental delivery would increase the likelihood of performing an episiotomy, in order to enlarge the pelvic outlet to provide the necessary room for the clinicians hands to deliver the baby (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Episiotomy on itself can be very detrimental to the mother. Not only can it be a bleeding point, but also a source of pain and discomfort especially during urination and rest. Moreover, lack of hygiene further increases the risk of acquiring an infection (Enkin ,Keirse, Neilson, et al., 2000). Having an episiotomy, may also instigate a feeling of uncertainty and fear of when to resume to sexual life, which ultimately may create unnecessary conflict between partners. It is the midwifes role to give the mother advice on perineal care in order to reduce such negative incidences. Urination Difficulties: Epidural anaesthesia may cause numbness of the bladder, this is exhibited as decreased sensation to urinate. Inability to pass urine during birth can possibly impede the rotation of the foetal head with the consequence of inadequate foetal descent (Baston Hall, 2009). During birth, the midwife is to encourage the mother to urinate frequently. If she is unable to do so, the midwife should look for other signs that may indicate a full bladder. Abdominal palpation is one of the skills that can be carried out to indicate such a measure. In urinary retention, the mother may require catheterisation. A urinary catheter is inserted through the mothers urinary orifice. This is temporarily situated in the bladder, and allows the mothers urine to drain freely (Johnson Taylor, 2011). The procedure of catheterisation itself may make the mother feel uncomfortable. Moreover, the catheter pipe provides the perfect pathway for the entry of bacteria possibly ending up with a urinary tract infection, especially if there is a poor level of hygiene (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Pyrexia: If epidural anaesthesia happens to be in place for more than 5 hours, there is an increased tendency to a rise in maternal temperature, resulting in the foetus getting compromised which is generally manifested as tachycardia. An increased maternal temperature altogether with a raised foetal heart rate could be an indication of a possible infection such as chorioamnionitis. This would require prompt action, so as to reduce the risk of adverse morbidity to the foetus. Usually an emergency caesarean section is the option (Mander, 2011). Having to follow such a procedure may create a lot of anxiety and fear amongst the parents, as suddenly they are receiving an unexpected news which leaves them confused on the health of their baby. Caesarean section is one major operation, which on its own carries a lot of risks. In fact there is a greater tendency of bleeding. Also, the mother has to cope with a lot of after pains following the procedure. Furthermore, following delivery the baby is most probably admitted to the neonatal intensive unit for investigations regarding the possibility of infection. This early separation surely creates a lot of fear and uncertainty in the newly parents. Limited Mobility: Since epidural numbs the body from the waist down, it creates a lot of restrictions in mobility. Nevertheless, it is very likely that continuous foetal monitoring is required to monitor the baby and uterine activity. This restricted mobility does not help in the physiology of normal labour (Baston Hall, 2009). Other side effects of epidural anaesthesia may include: pruritus, generalised itching of the skin, nausea, vomiting, shivering, headache, permanent nerve damage, heart and breathing difficulties. Side effects of epidural anaesthesia on the baby As discussed earlier, epidural can be the cause a variety of side effects on the labouring women, nonetheless, the baby is also very likely to be negatively effected. When epidural is injected, there may be a degree of the drug that enters the maternal blood stream. Blood eventually passes through the placenta, with the consequence of drug components ending up into the foetal circulation. Studies show that the degree of drugs in the foetus can reach levels that are equal to or even higher than that in the maternal blood stream. In addition, the elimination process of a newborn is still quite immature, with the consequence of taking longer for the drug to be eliminated from the body. Foetal distress: this is the commonest side effect of epidural. As discussed earlier, epidural tends to lower down the maternal blood pressure with the consequence of decreasing the amount of oxygen and nutrients that reach the foetus. This phenomena is better known as foetal distress. This is commonly manifested as bradycardia as well as abnormal variations in the foetal heart rhythm (Lohse, 2015). This distress puts the baby and the mother at greater risk of intervention, which may include opting for instrumental or operative delivery. Such choice depends on the explicit condition of the mother and baby. Furthermore, the baby is also prone to experience difficulties after birth, which may include: Breastfeeding difficulties: Epidural drug components are likely to interfere with the release of oxytocin. This hormone plays an important role in the let down reflex of breastfeeding; when the baby sucks, oxytocin is released which positively feedbacks to release even more oxytocin which in turn altogether with the aid of other hormones, milk is released (Amis Green 2008). Epidural anaesthesia also has the tendency to effect the babys neuro-behavior. The newborn may show signs of drowsiness, difficulty in latching and sucking which will make breastfeeding far much more difficult to establish (Amis Green 2008). This will require more intensive care and time to acquire efficient breastfeeding, which may put the mother under great stress and anxiety. Poor condition: as stated earlier, epidural anaesthesia may cause maternal fever during labour. This in turn affects the babys condition in having poor muscle tone, may require resuscitation immediately after birth, and to a greater extent may experience seizures. This all sums up to a low apgar score at birth (Buckley, 2010). Having said that, the baby may be admitted to the neonatal intensive care for more intensive observation in order to stabilise and maintain his/her condition. This early separation from the parents surely interferes with bonding. It may even create a sense of anxiety and stress in the parents; being greatly concerned on the heath of their child. It is the role of the midwife to inform the parents on the daily condition of their baby and as much as possible find measures and ways to make them feel reassured and closer to their child (Buckley, 2010). Other side effects seen in infants are: rapid breathing and low blood sugar levels. As we midwives are knowledgable of all the risks this pharmacological pain relief brings with it, it is our role that during labour we suggest other methods of pain relief, possibly non pharmacological ones. If the mother happens to request for pharmacological ones, we should make her aware of all the benefits and risks, and in this way we enable the mothers make an informed choice. Reference List Amis, D., Green, J. (2008). Prepared childbirth the family way (Revised ed.). Family Way Publications Inc. Baston, H., Hall, J. (2009). Midwifery essentials: Labour: Volume 3 (1sted.). Churchill Livingstone. Buckley, S. J. (2005). Epidurals: Risks and concerns for mother and baby. Buckley, S. J. (2010). The hidden risk of epidurals. Mothering the Home for Natural Family Living. Enkin,M., Keirse, M., Neilson, J., Crowther, C., Duley, L.,Hodnett, E., Hofmeyr, J. (2000). A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fraser, D.M., Cooper, M.A. (2009). Myles textbook for midwives (15th ed.). London:Churcill Livingstone. Healthline Editorial Team. (15 March 2012). Risks of epidurals during delivery. Johnson, R., Taylor, W. (2011). Skills for midwifery practice (3rd ed.) London:Churcill Livingstone. Kresser, C. (2011). Natural childbirth IV: The hormones of birth. Lets Take Back Your Health — Starting Now. Lohse, M. (2015). Epidural side effects for a baby. Livingstrong.Com. Mander, R. (2011). Pain in childbearing and its control (2nd ed.) London:Wiley Blackwell. Mehl-Madrona, L. Mehl-Madrona, M. (2008). Medical risks of epidural anaesthesia during childbirth. Rahm, V., Hallgren, A., Hogberg, H., Hurtig, I., Odlind, V. (2002). Plasma oxytocin levels in women during labor with or without epidural analgesia: A prospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81. Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust. (2012). Use of oxytocin. Clinical Guideline for the use of Oxytocin (Syntocinon) in the First and Second Stage of Labour, Danica Chetcuti

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each year there about 250 people added to death row and only 35 of them are even executed. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment actually enforced by the United States government. Once the jury has convicted a criminal offense they go to the second part of the trial, the punishment part. If then the jury considers the death penalty, then the judge agrees that the criminal will have to face a form of execution. Lethal injection is the most widely used by todays death row criminals. For a period between 1972 to ‘76, capital punishment was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. There are many reasons for why they thought that. The death penalty was looked at a cruel and unusual punishment under the eighth amendment. This decision was switched when a new method of execution was formed. Capital punishment is a difficult issue and there are many opinions as there are people on this earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of the United States there has been over 13,000 legal executions. Texas has executed the most people since the death penalty has been reinstated in 1976. There are only about 30-60 prisoners killed yearly. â€Å"The Bible requires the death penalty for a wide variety of crimes, including sex before marriage, adultery, homosexual behavior, doing work on Saturday, and murder. It even calls for some criminals to be tortured to death by burning them alive†(SOURCE 1). Some of the things stated in the last quote were a little morbid, and made me question in what I truly believe in. John Stuart Mill once stated, â€Å" When there has been brought home to any one, by conclusive evidence, the greatest crime known to law; and when the attendant circumstances suggest no palliation of guilt, no hope that the culprit may even yet not be unworthy to live among mankind, nothing to make it probable that the crime was an exception to general character rather than a consequence of it, then I confess it appears to me that to deprive the criminal of the life which he has proved himself to be unworthy--solemnly to blot him out from the fellowship of mankind and from the catalogue of the living-- is the most appropriate as it is certainly the most impressive, mode in which society can attach to so great a crime the penal consequences which for the security of life it is indispensable to annex to it†, this was stated before Parliament on April 21, 1868. I find that in this passage a lot of good is said.

Symbolism In Ethan Frome Essay -- essays research papers

Symbolism can give additional meaning to a variety of texts. From music to movies to novels, symbolism creates an even deeper meaning than found in a surface reading. The symbolism found within Ethan Frome adds to the inherent meaning of the text to give it an even deeper meaning. Edith Wharton uses the pickle dish, the Oak tree, and the cat as symbols to achieve deeper meaning. The pickle dish is of great significance in the novel. It is used to represent Zeena's virginity. Mattie seamed to know a great deal more about the pickle dish than Ethan did. She had to remind him "It was a wedding present don't you remember? It came all the way from Philadelphia, from Zeena's aunt that married a minister"(70). Ethan never bothered to pay much attention to the pickle dish. When Zeena ...

Amish :: essays research papers

The Amish the â€Å"Plain People† My article is on the Amish Community and their vague and simplified way of life. Most of my essay will emphasize the culture and tradition of the Amish. According to the Pennsylvania, Dutch Country Welcome Center, â€Å" The Amish are a religious group who live in the settlements in 22 states and in Ontario Canada. The oldest groups of old order Amish, about 16- to 18,000 live in Landcaster County PA. These people stress humility, family and separation from the rest of the world. The Amish are best known for their cultural simplicity such as riding horses and buggies as opposed to forbidden automobiles. They also shun electricity, by using fire lit lanterns, radio and any other modern electronics that will jeopardize delicate lifestyle. In this effort, their lives are quiet, slower, and religious to the unseen and unspoken media and scenery to foreign culture. However, instead the Amish get their messages across by telegram, daily journals, by foot or bicycle as opposed to telephones. They have worship in their homes as well as church. Amish are trilingual, Pennsylvania Dutch, they pray in German and are taught Standard English in school. However, regarding the issue of school, The Amish do not believe in school past the eight grade. For, the parents of these children are fearful that a full education will give these youths a more modern insight and that will have some temptation to explore the unseen other world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women and girls of this culture and religion will never have cut their hair, but wear it back in a bun. They wear plain fabric dresses reaching floor length, and wear a prayer in their hair indicating- white if married, black if single and no jewelry. As for the males and boys, dark colored suits, brim straw hats, long coats. They do not have mustaches and will grow beards after marriage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the Amish, religion, family, and community are empirical. The Amish start seeking out marital spouses by the age of 16 and most women are married by the age 20 or so. However, before a marriage can take its proper place, the couple must be joined in at a church, and must be baptized into the Amish faith at about age 17, having followed the written laws known as â€Å"ordnung.† When the couple has established marital plans, they must keep it a secret from their parents till the months of July or August.

Fundamental Problems with the Catholic Church in 15th Century and How Martin Luther Faced Them

Question: What was Luther’s fundamental religious problem with the Catholic Church? Trace the development of this problem and why Luther solved it. Among the many problems Luther pointed out in the Catholic Church in his 95 theses, the one he had the most problem with was the issue of salvation and the selling of indulgencies. At the time, the doctrine of the church stated that those who did not receive a baptism would spend time in purgatory for their sins. The Church said that acceptance of Jesus took away the blame of the sin but did not clear the sins completely because of the fact that the people were sinners. This was significant because the church was selling indulgences. The Catholic Church once sold indulgences to people who would fight in the Holy Wars to be forgiven of their sins. However, this time, the Church sold indulgences to followers at a certain price so that buyers would be forgiven of past and future sins. According to Luther, this was nowhere to be found in the Holy Bible. Luther preached self morals and on the acceptance of Jesus and complete obedience as the true way to reach heaven as stated in the Bible. This influx of indulgence buying and selling by the people around Luther irritated him to no end. In his sermons he emphasized the true scriptures in the Bible and not doctrine according to the so called â€Å"Holy Church†. The Catholic Church was selling indulgences in an effort to raise money for St. Peters Basilica, which was under construction in the Vatican during this period. It would be a very costly project and therefore the Church needed a means to pay for it and their answer was to sell indulgences at a monetary price. This infuriated Luther because it advocated that people could literally buy their way into heaven without truly accepting Jesus as it states in the Bible. A man by the name of Johann Tetzel was selling the indulgences in Germany at Luther’s time and Luther pleaded to his followers not to buy them but to simply read the scriptures and accept Jesus. The sale of indulgences greatly upset Luther because he felt certain that people were eternally damning themselves by relying on the indulgences instead of the scripture. This drove Luther to write his 95 theses which blasted the Catholic Church from a variety of angles on its policies and the controversies surrounding the Church. Some of these included the sale of indulgences, the flaws and errors in the Church’s doctrine, and in some cases the ignorance by some members of the clergy to even read the scripture. In one case, Luther even inquired as to why the Pope insisted on paying for St. Peters Basilica through the poor people’s money instead of taking money out of his own pocket to pay for the new Church. Luther then nailed this list to a Church door in Germany, as was the tradition, on the day after Halloween. At first, Pope Leo X did not take Luther seriously calling him â€Å"a drunk friar†, however when Luther’s 95 theses began to spread around Germany like wild fire with the help of Gutenberg’s printing press the Church took notice. The 95 theses gained sympathy in Europe because many rulers were sick of the power over the Church over their provinces and used this as an excuse to break away from Catholic Church. Because of this, many new Protestant religions, such as antibaptism and Calvinism, began popping up as more people began to speak out against the church. The church’s own personal attempt to reform was largely unsuccessful and it simply pushed more converts in to Protestantism. At the Edict of Worms where Luther stood trial for heresy, Luther plead his case to the Church. The Church’s verdict however was that one man who has different views than the thousands of clergy men before Luther must be wrong. Luther was to be taken into custody, his books burned, and delivered to the Emperor. Luther, however, was able to escape and hid for brief period before he returned to Wittenberg to build a new Church. The Catholic Church’s unwillingness to reform and it’s continuance of its programs set the stage for the rest of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. Although Luther’s true intentions can only be speculated, most historians believe that at the Reformation’s onset he had not intended to break from the Catholic Church. In this area, he failed. He was not able to simply reform the Church from the inside and clean up its practices. Thus, Luther’s solution to this problem was unfortunately to split from the church along with millions of others and to change the Catholic Church forever.

The Benefits Of Having Children Attend Pre School Education Essay

AbstractionThis study covers the benefit of directing kids to pre-school before kindergarten. Literature reappraisal is used to research the research bing in this field. It will assist us to understand what consequence pre-school has on kids. Such plans are besides discussed in the paper which is carry oning developing for kindergartners for their development. This paper non merely covers that academic facet but besides sheds visible radiation on the benefits preschool instruction has on societal and emotional facets of kids ‘s life. After roll uping this information, it will be collaborated with the findings of this research paper utilizing different research technique. In the terminal, the paper will be concluded along with some suggestions.IntroductionIn this competitory universe it is really of import to develop the kids in such a manner that they are non left buttocks. Survey shows that with pre-school preparation, kids show much developed accomplishments of larning when t hey enter kindergarten. If a kid is being read to at place, visits museums, learns how to play a game and reads along person so it is more likely that his/her learning abilities are polished and ready for kindergarten ( Stube & A ; Patrick, 2010 ) . Pre-school is a planned plan for kids before they start their formal instruction. It deals with the larning ability of a kid. Children are trained in such a manner that their acquisition abilities are enhanced. Specified techniques are used to better the linguistic communication accomplishments and analytical accomplishments. it besides has a positive consequence on the behavioural facet of a kid ‘s personality. Bridges ( 2008 ) found out from the research that affecting parents is really critical for the success of pre-school preparation. Besides, engagement of community can be really critical in the achievement of a successful preschool preparation centre. Margetts ( 2007 ) likewise says that in a multicultural community, parents and community itself plays a really of import function. This research besides highlights diverse methods of implementing preschool plans in Australia and United States of America or any other diverse state. It I believed that a cosmopolitan pre-school system can profit everyone and supply equal chance to every pupil. But Bridges ( 2008 ) argues that it is a waste of resources because households who can non afford will non hold full entree and unless it is designed to the ace quality it will ensue in a catastrophe. Teachers play a critical function in the development of a pre-school kid. It is indispensable to understand the civilization, background and imposts of the kid. Training of the instructor is really indispensable. Not everyone can manage pre-school kids. They need to be taught in a certain manner so it has the greatest consequence on the development of the kid. Children should besides be encouraged to inquire as many inquiries as possible. It increases their cognitive accomplishments ( Persky & A ; Golubchick, 1991 ) . There are institutes every bit good as place attention can be considered a portion of pre-school preparation. The things that the kid surveies at the age of three signifier the footing of his/her academic life in the coming old ages. However, every kid does non acquire equal pre-school preparation. Therefore, consequences in different cognitive abilities sing instruction. Pre-school instruction besides helps the parents to find any learning disablements that might be an d can extinguish the opportunities of traveling to particular instruction by effectual pre-school instruction. This paper focuses on such benefits pre-school preparation has on the kids before they join kindergarten.Literature ReviewChilds who attend pre-school show higher math accomplishments, linguistic communication accomplishments and have less behavioural job ( Bridges, 2008 ) . Bridges ( 2008 ) besides indicate that non all kids have entree to the pre-school and pre-kindergarten plan. However, she argues that pre-school instruction is non a valid tool to mensurate the academic accomplishments made subsequently in life. The researches before failed to see the engagement of parents in the pre-school preparation. Research shows that pre-school is a sound investing non merely in footings of kids ‘s development but besides academically, socially and economically. Early instruction non merely develops the accomplishments but besides heighten the ability to score good, less kee ping of classs and fewer opportunities of arrangement in a particular instruction plan. Besides, research show that thee kids have less inclination to make condemnable or justness jobs ( Barnett & A ; Hustedt, 2003 ) . There was a great statement among authorities and parents about preschool instruction. Parents were of the position that kids should be taught at place instead than preschool institutes by authorities. The function of authorities should be to cut down the revenue enhancement for parents and leave the pre-kindergarten preparation to the parents. These plans can be expensive. However there is a demand for these establishments that should supply preschool instruction to every kid by inventing a plan which is cost effectual and provides high quality ( Bracey & A ; Stellar, 2003 ) . The survey shows that the kids who get preschool instruction have much developed cognitive and societal accomplishments. The research was conducted on kids with different backgrounds, cultural groups and had different native linguistic communications. Even so, the consequences showed that the kids with pre-kindergarten instruction showed a batch of added accomplishments, they were more confident and had speedy ability to larn different things ( Gormley, Gayer, Phillips, & A ; Dawson, 2005 ) . Anderson, et. all ( 2003 ) stated that the most of import accomplishments required for kids to develop in early age are knowledge, acknowledging dealingss, self-regulation and develop specific accomplishments. Early instruction consequences in developed social-emotional operation of the kids. They besides said that it is indispensable or the preschool plans to advance the societal accomplishments. When kids get societal competences in early age it enables them to lend more in societal service and besides improves their relationship with parents. However, there is no grounds of such plans demoing betterment in wellness of the kids. ReadinessA andA EarlyA Activities forA ChildrenA fromA theA Heart ( REACH ) is a plan designed to better the kids ‘s preparedness for school and better their accomplishments. It is a measure taken by California State University along with Long BeachA UnifiedA SchoolA to heighten the social-emotional province of kids along with more developed literacy. This is an illustration of how much these types of plans are of import and good that good organisations are willing to put in them so that the kids of their society can profit ( Stanley, 2004 ) . All three and four twelvemonth kids are entitled to free instruction in England. The survey shows that the kids of age three are more suited for preschool instruction. They learn more rapidly about understanding the universe and its physical existences. After three old ages, there is a negative consequence on the learning ability of communicating, linguistic communication, mathematics and creativeness ( Hopkin, Stokes, & A ; Wilkinson, 2009 ) . Another research shows that 91 % of kids can be identified as good or hapless reader if they had preschool preparation. The variables used to mensurate the ability to read were memory of retrieving letters and sentences, velocity of calling an object and orthographic trial ( Badian, 1994 ) . One of the major grounds against the development of preschools in United States is the thought that these types of schools or institutes would merely picture that the households have failed to raise and develop their kid ‘s personality ( Bracey & A ; Stellar, 2003 ) . Government did non bring forth high quality day-care centre due to this opposition to authorities ‘s enterprise which in return solidifies the belief of parents that preschool institutes provide low-quality of attention. Therefore merely in-between and upper category households can take advantage of the private plans offered by different organisations ( Bracey & A ; Stellar, 2003 ) . Teachers are the most of import facet of preschool preparation. It is indispensable for them to understand the civilization, linguistic communication, background and imposts of the kid. Training of the instructor is really indispensable for the development of every kid in the plan. Children need to be taught in a certain manner with specific tools and techniques. Teachers need to do themself available for every kid and go to their inquiries. Children should besides be encouraged to inquire as many inquiries as possible. It increases their cognitive accomplishments ( Persky & A ; Golubchick, 1991 ) . Apart for trained instructors, environment of the schoolroom besides plays every bit of import function in the development and instruction of pre-school kids.Aim of StudyPre-school instruction is a really of import facet of kid ‘s development. Many people are going aware of its importance but there are still some people with the belief that it is no more than a revenue enhancement c ozenage by the authorities. This research surveies the benefits pre-school instruction has on kids before they start traveling to kindergarten.Research MethodologyQualitative attack is used to analyze the effects and benefits of pre-school instruction. Case surveies, research documents and other literature are used. Main beginnings used are following:Books:Different books on the topic of preschool or early instruction are used to research the benefits and effects of preschool instruction.Journal ArticlesArticles for educational diaries are used in order to analyze old researches done on this topic. This is an of import beginning which provides researches different sentiments and instance surveies. Hence, ensuing in better analysis by sing the image from both sides Analysis of this information is done by comparing the literature reappraisal and different researches which cover several facets of the subject. By analysing these researches, decision has been given.AnalysisMost of the research shows that for the societal, emotional and academic development of kids, it is really of import that the kids get preschool instruction. However there are besides statements that the preschool instruction by authorities is merely a scheme to incur revenue enhancements and fees. But, most parents and instructors agree that the preschool instruction plays a critical function in the personality development of the kids. In some states like England, it is compulsory for kids to go to pre-school and pre-kindergarten institutes because they believe that without this the kids will demo deficiency of communicating, linguistic communication and originative accomplishments. Parents besides play a really important function in the preschool instruction. Reading to the kid s at an early age improves the reading ability of kids. If parents take their kids to topographic points like menagerie and museum, it enhances their ability to develop the cognition of physical existences in the universe. In order to accomplish the coveted consequences of preschool instruction, the plan needs to be carefully developed. The instructors have to be trained in such a manner that they can depute single attending to each kid. The plan should include ocular and audio acquisition techniques. In England, it is besides under treatment to get down preschool instruction for the two twelvemonth olds ‘ . This shows the importance of preschool instruction to a great extent. Environment of category room determines the capableness of the institute and staff. Learning environment should be developed. Extracurricular activities like music and physical instruction retains the involvement of kids, at this degree of preparation, kids ever learn more from paly as compared to strict academic course of study. Parents and community play equal function in the development of preschool preparation plan and the development of kids of that plan ( Persky & A ; Golubchick, 1991 ) . Research shows that the kids who belong to underprivileged background acquire the greatest benefits from pre-school tarring. Children signifier upper and in-between category have the agencies to larn at place and visit topographic points which play every bit of import function as pre-school preparation centre. However, underprivileged kids do non acquire a opportunity to research their abilities in such a manner. Illiterate parents could besides be a hurdle in to the full developing the abilities of the kid. Therefore, the preschool preparation plans aid these kids to hold equal chance as any other kid in the community. These kids show great development when they join preschool preparation. this enables them to derive bravery and assurance and compete with the best of their abilities in the hereafter. Hence we can state that preschool instruction benefits every kid of the community. With an effectual plan, it can help the parents to develop the abilities and accomplishments of their kids. By making favourable environment for kids in a preschool category room, the hereafter academic life of these kids can be improved. Parents have to play an equal function with th preschools and back up the authorities to establish such plans. The success of preschool preparation is dependent on all the members of the community and disposal of preschools. Teachers need to be trained for better instruction of these kids.DecisionPreschool instruction has a batch of benefits which plays a critical function in the life of kids. It non merely increases their academic accomplishments but besides enhances the societal and emotional properties. It is of import for kids to acquire preschool instruction so that they can vie in the of all time increasing competition. Parents and instructors both need to play their function in the development of a kid. At the age of three, it should be made compulsory for every kid to go to pre-school preparation. it will heighten their personality, societal interaction and emotional stableness. There are many factors that paly of import function in good pre-school trading such as trained staff, to the full equipped class-rooms and larning environment. The course of study of preschool preparation should include effectual course of study, tools and techniques of kindergarten, back uping activities like music and physical instruction and most significantly engagement of parents and community. Attempts need to be made in order to extinguish the negative thought about preschool preparation. Training and consciousness of female parents can be really utile in order to set up a positive image. Families need to be guided by seminars or telecasting consciousness plans. There should be an extended run for the publicity of preschool instruction. Government need to take enterprise and set up high quality preschool developing institute to recover parent ‘s assurance. This should besides be made compulsory and free, if possible, for every kid ; because, healthy and intelligent kids will turn into a healthy and developed state. In order to develop a high quality preschool plan, attempts are required form the authorities, educational board, parents and community. All have to work together in order to give kids a better hereafter. This plan non merely develops the personality, it besides identifies if there are any disablements present in kids. Particularly, reading disablements can be caught at an early phase and can be treated. The kids form underprivileged background benefit the most form these plans. It provides a sound platform for them to develop their abilities at an early phase and non stand out as an outcaste. Effectiveness of such plans is more dependent child-centered and person-centered attack than any other method. Besides, preschools with high parental engagement, moderate strength of preparation, societal battle of kids and long continuances resulted in higher benefit in academic public presentation and class-room battle.

Audience expectations Essay

In this essay I will discuss how Arthur Miller set out the first scene of the play, ‘The Crucible’ to prepare the audience for what the play is about, and how well he did this. I will look at the dramatic devices, language etc.  The play ‘The Crucible’ has strong links with the USA in the 1950’s when communism was a problem. The name of the play creates parallels between Salem 1692 and the USA 1950s. A definition of crucible can be, â€Å"used to extract impurities† this is related Salem 1692 because the judges and townsfolk were trying to purify the village from witches whilst Joseph McCarthy was trying to purify the USA of communists. People’s views and opinions have not changed since the 1600s and people believe only one way is right, communists and witches are both evil and therefore should be rid of, this is what miller is trying to portray about the world. No-one gets a chance to prove themselves or prove they are good and mean no harm. If you are a witch or a communist you are evil and it’s not acceptable therefore the only thing to do it get rid of them. This is shown in the play by the fact that lots of people in the village are being accused of witchery, and you die whether you have an excuse or proof that your not a witch, if you admit it you are saved but have to promise you want to come back to the lord but if you are truly faithful to the lord such as goody Proctor, you will not falsely admit to being a witch and therefore will be killed. Miller uses dramatic devices in the play ‘The Crucible’, one of these devices is dramatic irony. This is when the audience knows something about a certain character but the other characters don’t. They are like secrets no one knows apart from the characters involved. This creates tension as it seems as I everyone is hiding something. Miller uses this technique when the audience knows that Proctor and Abigail had an affair but the other characters are not aware. The audience then gets frustrated because it seems so obvious to them and they want to tell the characters what’s going on. He also uses this when the characters don’t know that Abigail is lying and the accusations are not real. The audience think it is so simple to realise what is going on because they know there is no such thing a witches. And the audience knows that dramatic irony is a clear device used throughout the play. Exits and entrances are also used in the crucible; this is so the characters can have their private conversations like Abigail and Proctor. This creates confusion between the characters as they all have secrets, this then creates panic of others finding out and this panic can grow like Abigail’s panic grew for her being found out to be untruthful. This panic grew and grew until she was confessing random names/accusations. â€Å"I saw goody Sibber with the devil!†, â€Å"I saw Goody Hawkins with the devil!†, â€Å"I saw Goody Bibber with the devil!†, â€Å"I saw Goody Booth with the devil† † The audience however would know that Abigail and her friends are making it up because there is no such thing as witches. Another technique is the use of offstage action these are events that are not shown but they are mentioned. This is like the affair between Proctor and Abigail, this happens before the play begins. Also the audience doesn’t see the dancing in the forest they only hear about it, they don’t see it. This is the driving force behind the story; the audience are intrigued by what is going on.  At the beginning of the play there is an overture, Miller begins the play by describing the setting and the scenery in detail, this is so the audience can see what it is like and will help them understand what is going on in the play. â€Å"A narrow window on the left† the detail is important in linking the beginning with the rest of the play, as later on in the play, Betty uses the window, previously described to attempt to jump out of, screaming â€Å"mama†, and this shows hysteria in the play, it is obvious to the audience that introducing themes of witchcraft will cause hysteria. â€Å"Uncle, themes of witchcraft are all about†, all the rumours of witchcraft could have calmed down if Abigail hadn’t said Betty had fainted, which is a blatant lie because she didn’t know Ruth had apparently ‘fainted’ as well. â€Å"We did dance uncle†, a bad mistake by Abigail, letting Parris know he was right he was right and therefore giving him more to suspect about witchcraft, â€Å"and when you leapt out of the bush so suddenly, Betty was frightened and then she fainted†.

A Reflection on Chasing Zero Essay

Chasing Zero, I believe, is a documentary that will never completely leave my mind as long as I work in the field of healthcare. Chasing Zero presents the topic of medical errors: it portrays the disastrous effects they can have on their recipients and how they can ruin the lives of the healthcare providers at fault. However, beyond bringing forth awareness about the harm that medical errors can cause, Chasing Zero also presents a goal. This goal is to decrease the amount of medical errors that occur, by such a significant amount, that the resulting number is zero. Zero is not an easy objective, and many people may think it is impossible. However, no matter the difficulty, it is the responsibility of every healthcare worker to do his or her part to reduce the general number of medical errors occurring as much as possible. As a nursing student, I am particularly glad that I was exposed to the concept of medical errors this early on in my training so I can actively define my role in preventing them. The documentary reminded me that I am entering a profession where my actions have real and significant consequences. A sloppy or incomplete performance in medicine is unacceptable and I must find the best way to become as competent as possible. I was immediately encouraged to become a better student in the classroom, to work harder and retain necessary knowledge that I know may be of great consequence one day. Additionally, since my skills have not yet been fully established, I can take certain measures to ensure that bad and perhaps dangerous habits which can lead to errors, do not develop. I further believe that Chasing Zero will reduce errors simply because it brought awareness of the subject to the public. Now, when people visit a healthcare facility for any reason, they will understand that the professionals working with them are human, and can therefore make mistakes. Through the documentary, people can learn to be their own advocates and to question anything that their healthcare provider is doing which is unclear to them. Chasing Zero presented many concepts to think about and a goal that, if worked for, can be achieved, at least on a personal level. As technology advances and awareness increases, this process might slowly become easier. Instruments such as bar code scanners for drug distribution are constantly being created or improved and new policies are continuously  being instituted in hospitals. I am grateful that I had the opportunity to watch Chasing Zero and I hope to be a part of the movement that strives, every day, to successfully remove the concept of medical errors from our lives.